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M32 


COMPOSITE.* 

CHARLES  F.  MILLSPAUGH  AND  AGNES  CHASE. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  woody  climbers,  or  rarely  trees.  Flowers  perfect, 
pistillate,  neutral,  or  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  on  a  common 
receptacle  forming  heads,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  few  to  many 
bracts.  Calyx  tube  completely  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  (pappus) 
of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  or  crownlike  or  obsolete.  Corollas 
tubular  or  expanded  into  a  ligule;  heads  composed  of  tubular  flowers 
(discoid],  of  tubular  and  ligulate  (radiate),  or  all  ligulate  (ligulate). 
Stamens  usually  5,  borne  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes, 
their  anthers  united  into  a  tube,  often  appendaged  at  the  apex,  some- 
times sagittate  or  tailed  at  the  base.  Ovary  i-celled;  ovule  i,  anatro- 
pous;  style  of  fertile  flowers  2-cleft;  stigmas  marginal;  style  of  sterile 
flowers  commonly  undivided.  Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endo- 
sperm none. 

ACHENE  ENCLOSED  IN  A  FALSE  PERICARP. 
Pericarp  spinous: 

i -seeded  Ambrosia. 

2-seeded  Xanthium. 

Pericarp  verrucose,  obconical  Nocca. 
rhomboidal: 

achene  lenticular  Sclerocarpus. 

triangular  Melampodium. 

Pericarp  smooth  Milleria. 

ACHENE  NOT  ENCLOSED. 
Corolla  of  ray  flowers  persistent: 

Achenes  all  dorsally  compressed  Parthenium. 

Achenes  laterally  compressed  or  tri-         / 

angular  \  Sanvitalia, 

Corolla  of  disk  flowers  persistent  Grindelia. 

Corollas  all  deciduous: 
Pappus  none  at  maturity: 

achene  oblong  Artemisia. 

achene  obovoid: 

io-12-ribbed  Flaveria. 

5-ribbed  Isocarpha. 

4-ribbed  Elvira. 

not  ribbed  Helianthus. 

achenes  cuneate: 

imperfectly  lenticular  Achillea. 

quadrilateral: 

apex  depressed  Montanoa. 

apex  coronate  Amellus. 

apex  bicornuate  Eclipta. 

Pappus  coroniform: 

crown  minute,  entire  Alomia. 

crown  prominent,  4-toothed  Borrichia. 

Pappus  a  crateriform  disk  Baltimora. 

*The  cuts  present  a  portion  of  the  inflorescence  or  a  single  head  natural  size,  unless  otherwise 
indicated;  the  achene  magnified  (the  natural  size  being  indicated  by  a  cross  giving  both  diameters, 
the  dotted  line  representing  the  pappus);  and  a  cross-section  of  the  achene  at  its  greatest  diameter. 

85 


86 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Pappus  a  cluster  of  short,  stout  bristles 
Pappus  of  long,  capillary  bristles: 
bristles  few — 
achene  nerveless 
5-nerved 

bristles  numerous — 
achene  constricted  into  a  neck — 
(section)  biconvex 
(section)  concavo-convex 
(section)  quadrilateral 
achene  devoid  of  a  neck — 
compressed: 
ribs  10,  smooth 
ribs  8,  rugose 
subterete: 
apex  discoid 
apex  not  discoid 

Pappus  of  slender,  barbed  bristles: 
achenes  (section)  pentagonal 
terete 

quadrilateral — 
2-nerved,  pubescent 
8-nerved,  glabrous 
achene  (section)  oblong 

lenticular 

Pappus  of  plumed  bristles: 
achene  cylindrical,  obconoid 
achene  lenticular,  oblanceolate 
Pappus  of  equal  scales: 
achene  pentagonal,  oblong 
achene  12-angled,  turbinate 
achene  lenticular,  obconoid 
Pappus  of  unequal  scales 
Pappus  of  awns: 
awns  united  at  the  base 
awns  distinct — 
achene  obovate — 
winged,  attenuate  at  base 
wingless,  not  attenuate  lenticular: 
awns  very  slender 
awns  unequally  winged 
wingless,  not  attenuate,  flattened 
achene  linear: 
awns  smooth 
awns  barbed 

achene  fusiform  attenuate  into  a  neck 
Pappus  of  awns  and  scales: 
achenes  constricted  into  a  neck — 
neck  curved,  awns  prominent 
neck  erect,  awns  inconspicuous 
achenes  not  constricted — 
quadrilateral 
sharply  3-4-angled 
lenticular — 

lo-ribbed,  awns  genuflexed 
not  ribbed,  awns  straight: 
scales  connate — 
achene  obovate 
achene  linear 

Pappus  of  scales  and  bristles: 
bristles  equal,  distinct 
bristles  unequal,  united  below 


Spiracantha. 


Conyza. 
Pluchea, 


Porophyllum. 

Chaptalia. 

Lactuca. 


Baccharis. 
Sonchus. 

Erechtites. 
Senecio. 

Eupatorium  < 
Coleosanthus 


Willughbcea. 


Leptilon. 

Aster. 

Pectis  %  Pectothrix. 

Trixis. 

Tridax. 
Carduus. 

Agerattim. 

Helenium. 

Calea. 

Pectis  %  Eupectis, 

Ucacou. 


Verbesina. 

Spilanthes. 

Salmea. 

Encelia. 

Pectis  %  Pectidium. 

Bidens. 

Cosmos. 


Plagiolophus. 
Zexmenia 

Tithonia. 

Zexmenia  %  Lipoch&ta. 

Distreptus. 


Viguiera. 
Tagetes. 

Vernonia. 
Dysodia. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


87 


XANTHIUM  L.  Sp.  PL,  987. 

Heads  unisexual,  the  fertile  with  2  apetalous  pistillate  flowers  in 
a  closed  bur-like,  beaked  involucre,  only  the  style-branches  exserted 
through  an  aperture  in  the  beak;  the  sterile  of  numerous  staminate 
flowers  in  an  open  polyphyllous  involucre,  the  heads  in  a  raceme. 
Receptacle  of  sterile  heads  cylindrical,  chaffy;  scales  partly  enclosing 
the  flowers.  Achenes  dorsally  compressed,  oblong;  pappus  none. 

Coarse    monoecious    herbs    with 
inconspicuous  heads. 

Xanthium  strumarium  L.  Sp. 

PL,   987. 

A  coarse  annual,  with  angled, 
hispid  stem  and  branches  and 
large  alternate,  petioled,  3-lobed, 
coarsely  dentate,  scabrous  leaves. 
Inflorescence  of  unisexual  clus- 
ters, the  staminate  capitate-clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  striate, 
hispid  branches.  Fertile  heads 
sessile,  2-4  together,  in  the  axils, 
of  the  leaves,  subtended  by  4-6 
small,  linear  bractlets.  Mature 
involucre  (fruit)  1.3-1.5  x  2.3-2.5 
cm.  including  spines  (.8  x  1.9  cm.  exclusive  of  spine)  ellipsoid,  hispidu- 
lous;  beaks  erect,  slightly  hooked,  6-7  mm.  long;  spines  rather  slender 
4-5  mm.  long.  Achene  slatey-fuscous,  4x13-15  mm.,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, abruptly  acuminate  into  a  slender  beak;  in  section  convexo-con- 
cave, the  ventrum  nearly  plane,  3  ridged,  dorsum  faintly  5  nerved; 
glabrous. 

Hab. — "Herb,  2  feet  high,  uncommon  near  Merida,  where  it  has 
probably  been  introduced  in  foreign  baled  hay,"  Gaumer  1145  (Xan- 
thium Canadense  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1 1397)  Progreso  2512. 

These  Yucatan  specimens  are  immature;  the  figure  is  drawn  from 
Ricksecker  266,  Island  of  St.  Croix,  which  matches  Dr.  Gaumer's 
specimens. 

AMBROSIA  L.  Sp.  PL,  987. 

Heads  unisexual,  the  fertile  with  a  single  apetalous,  pistillate 
flower  in  a  closed  bur-like  involucre,  only  the  style  branches  exserted; 
the  sterile  of  numerous  staminate  flowers  in  an  open  gamophyllous 
involucre,  the  heads  in  a  raceme  above  the  fertile  ones.  Receptacle 
of  sterile  heads  flat,  with  filiform  chaff  among  the  outer  flowers. 
Achene  turgid,  subglobose;  pappus  none.  Monoecious  herbs  with 
racemose  panicled,  inconspicuous  heads. 

Ambrosia  hispida  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  SuppL,  743. 

Spreading  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  the  branches  prostrate,  some- 
times rooting  at  the  nodes,  terete,  hispid.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled, 
twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid,  thickish,  strigose-hispid.  Inflorescence  a 


88 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


terminal  panicle  of  elongated  racemes  bearing  the  fertile  heads  on  the 

lower  part  and   the  sterile  heads  drooping  on  short,  slender,  hispid 

pedicels    along   the   upper  part; 

rachis  slender,   hispid.       Fertile 

heads  sessile  in  opposite  clusters 

of  6-10,  subtended  by  foliaceous 

hispid  bracts.     Mature  involucre 

(or     fruit,     shown    magnified     5 

diameters    in    figure)    1.8x3.6-4 

mm.,     oval-obovoid,    bearing    a 

stout    obtuse    beak    and   3  or  4 

short    acute    tubercles,   a    faint 

transverse    ridge    below    them, 

the  fruit  glandular-dotted  above 

and     clothed     with     long    white 

hairs,  glabrate    or    nearly  so    at 

the  base.     Achene  black,  1.7  x  2 

mm.,     ovoid-globose,     abruptly 

acute;  in  section  triangular,  the 

facets  convex,  glabrous. 

Hab.  —  Cozumel  1885,  Gaumer  (Oliver);  "very  abundant  at  the 
port  of  Silam,  April,"  Gaumer  680  ;  "prostrate  on  the  sands,  always 
extending  itself  toward  the  beach,  sometimes  6  meters,"  northeast 
point  of  Cozumel,  Millspaugh  PL  Utowana  1577,  coast  dunes  at 
Progreso, 


DISTREPTUS  Cass.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  1817,  p.  66. 

Heads  homogamous,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
oblong,  of  herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  2  series,  unequal.  Recep- 
tacle naked,  plane.  Achene  dorsally  compressed,  10  ribbed;  pappus 

of  several  unequal  awns  and 
scales,  the  lateral  pair  of  awns 
longest  and  twice  reflexed. 
Perennial  herbs,  heads  few 
flowered,  usually  aggregated  in 
small  glomerules. 

Distreptus  spicatus  (Juss.) 
Cass.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom., 
1817,  p.  66. 

Elephantopus  spicatus  Juss. 
An  erect,  branching  herb, 
with  terete,  striate,  sparsely 
pilose  stems  and  branches,  and 
alternate,  sessile,  elliptic  or 
linear,  dentate  or  subentire, 
sparsely  pilose  leaves.  Inflo- 
rescence of  axillary,  interrupted 

spikes,  15-25  cm.  long,  arranged  in  a  leafy  panicle.     Heads  4  flowered, 
solitary  or  2  or  3  in  a  sessile  narrow  glomerule  subtended  by  a  pair  of 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


89 


linear-oblong,  sparsely  hirsute,  punctate  leaves;  glomerules  1-1.2  cm. 
long.  Involucral  bracts. pale,  with  green  tips,  appressed,  acuminate, 
glabrous  or  the  outer  sparsely  hirsute,  ^  the  length  of  the  inner.  Corolla 
white,  nearly  regular,  5  cleft.  Receptacle  minute.  Achene  brown, 
1-1.2x516  mm.;  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base;  in  section  elliptic; 
strongly  10  ribbed,  the  ribs  hirsute,  interspaces  dark,  glandular; 
pappus  of  rigid,  persistent,  unequal  awns  and  denticulate  scales,  inter- 
rupted on  the  posterior  side,  the  lateral  pair  of  awns  elongated  and 
twice  reflexed,  5-5.5  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb  3  feet  high,  in  moist  lands,  not  common,  Nov.," 
Izamal,  Gaumer  1015;  common  at  Yot  Oor\ot,  1324. 

VERNONIA  Schreb.  Gen.  PI.,  2:541. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Involucre  wide  campanulate  (in  our  species),  of  dry  or  subherbaceous 
bracts,  imbricated  in  several  series,  unequal.  Receptacle  naked, 
plane.  Achene  subterete,  10  nerved,  villous;  pappus  in  2  series,  outer 
of  few  short  scales,  inner  of  numerous  slender  bristles.  Herbs  or 
shrubs;  heads  many  flowered,  disposed  in  cymes. 

Vernonia  arborescens  (L.)  Swartz  Ind.  Occ.,  2:132. 

Conyza  arborescens  L. 

An  erect,  divaricately  branched,  fruticose  herb,  with  terete,  striate 
canescent  stem  and  branches,  and  alternate,  short-petioled,  ovate  or 
elliptic,  acuminate,  entire,  veiny 
leaves  pubescent  above,  pilose- 
canescent  below.  Inflorescence 
scirpoid-cymose,  terminating  the 
branches  or  axillary.  Heads 
sessile,  usually  subtended  by  a 
small  leaf,  15-25  flowered,  8 
mm.  high,  as  broad  or  broader. 
Involucral  bracts  in  2-3  series, 
densely  canescent,  outer  subu- 
late, spreading,  inner  acuminate, 
erect  or  appressed.  Corolla  regu- 
lar, 5  cleft,  purplish  blue.  Re- 
ceptacle faveolate.  Achene 
ashy-brown,  . 7-. 8 x  1.6-1.8  mm., 
cuneate-oblong;  in  section  te- 
retopentagonal ;  apex  truncate, 
densely  villous  except  the  basal  callus,  10  nerved,  5  nerves  prominent 
and  5  intermediate  faint;  pappus  tawny,  outer  of  linear,  denticulate 
scales,  .3-. 5  mm.  long,  inner  of  numerous  scabrous,  capillary  bristles, 
4-6  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Two  to  three  feet  high,  rare,"  Calotmul,  Gaumer  1311, 
•Yot  Donot  /J^j,  "very  rare;  but  one  plant  seen." 

A  variable  species.  Yucatan  specimens  have  heads  somewhat  larger 
than  other  West  Indian  plants,  and  the  subtending  leaf  very  small  or 
wanting;  leaves  larger  than  common,  and  little  or  not  at  all  rugose. 


9° 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


ALOMIA  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:i5r>  *.  354- 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile-tubular. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  of  herbaceous  bracts,  imbricated  in  2-3  series, 
unequal.  Receptacle  naked,  convex.  Achene  5  sided,  not  compressed; 
pappus  none  or  a  minute  crown.  Herbs,  with  small  paniculate  heads. 

Alomia  ageratoides  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et.  Sp.,  ^S1,  t.  354. 

An  erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branching  annual,  with  terete, 
striate,  pubescent  or  glabrate  stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  long- 

petioled,  ovate,  crenate,  nearly 
glabrate  leaves.  Inflorescence  a 
cymose  panicle  of  3-10  heads  on 
a  slender  peduncle.  Heads 
many  flowered,  6-7  mm.  high,  as 
broad  or  broader,  on  striate, 
finely  canescent,  bracteate,  slen- 
der pedicels.  Involucral  bracts 
in  2  series,  lanceolate,  acute, 
having  2  strong  nerves  and  thin 
ciliolate  margins.  Corolla  5 
lobed,  white  with  light  purple 
lobes.  Receptacle  faveolate. 
Achene,  except  the  white  callus, 
black  and  shining,  .4-.  5  x  1.6-1.7 
mm.,  oblong,  little  narrowed  at 
the  base,  apex  truncate;  in  sec- 
tion depressed-pentagonal,  strongly  5  nerved,  a  few  scattered  hairs  on 
the  nerves,  otherwise  glabrous;  pappus  reduced  to  a  minute  crown. 

Hab. — Tekanto  and  Tunkas,  Feb.  and  March,  1890,  Stone  ipo, 
238  (in  Herb.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila. ) ;  Cozumel  Island  at  San  Miguel,  Mills- 
paugh  PI,  Utowance  1492,  and  east  shore,  1603.  5  ^ 


AGERATUM  L.  Sp.  PL,  839. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Invplucre  wide  campanulate,  of  herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  2-3 
series,  subequal.  Receptacle  naked,  plane  or  convex.  Achene  5  sided, 
not  compressed;  pappus  i-serial,  of  aristate  scales.  Herbs,  with 
small  paniculate  heads. 

Ageratum  intermedium  Hemsl.  Biol.  Cent.  Am.,  Supplement  p.  102. 
An  erect  or  ascending,  branching  annual,  with  terete,  sparsely 
white-pilose  stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  long-petioled, 
ovate,  acute,  crenate-dentate,  sparsely  pilose  leaves.  Inflo- 
rescence loosely  cymose-panicled,  branches  and  pedicels  slender, 
striate,  bracteate.  Heads  many  flowered,  5  mm.  high,  8-10  mm. 
broad.  Involucral  bracts  in  2  series,  nearly  equal,  oblong,  acuminate, 
having  2  strong  nerves  and  hyaline  margins.  Corolla  light  purple, 
5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex.  Achene  (except  the  white  callus) 
black,  .4X  1.5-1.7  mm.,  oblong,  little  narrowed  at  the  base,  apex  trun- 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


91 


cate;  in   section   sharply  5  angled,    the  facets  nearly   plane:  strongly 
5  nerved,  the  nerves  sparingly  weak  barbed;  pappus  of  5  lanceolate, 
erose-dentate,     aristate      scales, 
1.5-1.8  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Common,  Merida, 
Jan.  4,  1865,  Schott  208  (Ager- 
atum  conyzoides  Field  Col.  Mus. 
Bot.  1:394);  Cozumel,  1885, 
Gaumer  (Oliver,*  type  locality); 
campo  about  Izamal,  Jan.  13, 
1895,  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped. 
72  (Ageratum  corymbosum  Field 
Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:51);  Merida, 
Valdez  13  {Ageratum  conyzoides 
Ibid.  1:323);  open  lands,  Izamal, 
Jan.  to  Dec.,  Gaumer 395  (Ager- 
atum corymbosum  Ibid.)  robust  ,, 
plants  with  unusually  large  H/  t 
leaves  2508,  San  Anselmo,  1735, 
Chichankanab,  1736,  Izamal,  Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler  3925. 

Called  DICIILCHAY  "efficacious  herb"  by  the  Mayas;  "BAKELUS" 
by  Yucatecs;  and  "FLOR  DE  SAN  JUAN"  in  Spanish.  The  herb  is 
)ound  upon  the  temples  by  the  natives  to  check  epistaxis. 


EUPATORIUM  L.  Sp.  PL,  836. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Involucre  oblong,  ovoid  or  campanulate,  of  numerous  membranaceous 
bracts,  imbricated  in  few  to  many  series,  outer  gradually  shorter. 
Receptacle  naked,  plane,  convex  or  conic.  Achene  5  angled,  little  or 
not  at  all  compressed;  pappus  of  numerous  upwardly  scabrous  bristles 
in  i  series.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees;  heads  few  to  many  flow- 
ered, disposed  in  corymbose  or  cymose  panicles. 


Achene  with  5  intermediate  nerves 
Achene  simply  5  nerved: 
Base  long  attenuate 
Base  abruptly  attenuate: 
Achene  2.2  mm. 
Achene  4-5  mm. 
Base  not  attenuate: 
Pappus  persistent 
Pappus  caducous 


albicaule. 
daleoides 

aromatisans 
conyzoides 

pycnocephalum 
Guadalupense 


Lupatorium  daleoides  (DC.)  Hemsl.  Biol.  Cent.  Am.  Bot.,  2:95. 

Critonia  daleoides  DC. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  with  grayish  bark,  branches  terete,  smooth; 
leaves  opposite,  petioled,  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  serrate  or  subentire, 
glabrous,  with  pubescent  veins,  dark  green  and  glossy.  Inflor- 


*Cited  in  Supplement  to  Biol.  Cent.  Am.  by  Prof.  D.  Oliver;  this  collection  of  Dr.  Gaumer's, 
made  in  1885  and  1886,  on  Cozumel,  Holbox,  and  Mugeres  Islands,  is  in  Kew  herbarium;  a  few 
specimens  also  in  Herb,  gray;  Herb.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.;  and  Hb.  Torrey,  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


escence     of     compound    terminal    and    axillary    cymes,     branchlets 

and  pedicels  rigid,  rusty  glandular-hirsute.  Heads  4  or  5  flow- 
ered, 6  mm.  high,  5  mm.  or  less 
broad.  Involucre  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  bracts  loosely  imbri- 
cated in  3  or  4  series,  outer 
rufous,  ovate,  subacute,  minutely 
glandular-pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrate;  inner  pale,  lanceolate, 
ciliolate  at  the  obtuse  apex.  Cor- 
olla white.  Receptacle  minute, 
convex.  Achene  dull  brown, 
.6x3.1-3.3  mm.,  narrowly  ob- 
conoid,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
apex  truncate;  in  section  un- 
equally 5  sided,  the  angles 
prominent,  the  facets  somewhat 
concave;  5  nerved,  the  nerves 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered 

hairs,  internerves  glandular-hirsute;  pappus  pale  stramineous,  4  mm. 

long. 

Hab. — Moist    soil    near    the    Caleta,    Cozumel,    Millspaugh    PL 

Utowana  1510  (Eupatorium  hebebotrya  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2:105). 

Called  XTOKABAL,   "Astringent."      The  plant  here  grows  as  a 

tree,  with  a  trunk   5   to    10  cm.  in  diameter  and   a  height  of  3  to  8 

meters.     A  decoction  of  the  bark,   leaves,  and  flowers  is  used   as  a 

domestic  remedy  for  gonorrhoea. 

Eupatorium  aromatisans  DC.  Prod.,  5:150. 

A  robust,  semi-woody  herb  with  smooth,  "striate-sulcate,  sub- 
angled  stems  and  branches  and  opposite,  petioled,  large,  broadly 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate 
leaves,  short  decurrent  on  the 
petiole  forming  a  cuneate  base. 
Inflorescence  a  dense,  rounded, 
cymose  panicle  with  opposite, 
divaricate,  striate,  subtomentose 
branchlets;  pedicels  short,  slen- 
der. Heads  10-12  flowered,  7 
mm.  high,  2.5-3  mm-  broad.  In- 
volucre ovoid,  bracts  appressed, 
in  4-5  series,  oblong,  obtuse, 
striate,  ciliolate,  tinged  with 
rufous,  the  outer  successively 
shorter.  Corollas  white  (?).  Re- 
ceptacle minute,  convex.  Achene 
light  brown,  .6x2.2  mm.;  ob- 
long-obconoid,  abruptly  attenu- 
ate at  base,  apex  truncate;  in  section  unequally  5  sided,  the  angles 
acute,  the  facets  plane;  5  nerved,  sparsely  pilose,  especially  on  the 
nerves;  pappus  stramineous,  4-5  mm.  long. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


93 


Hab. — "Common,  both  wild  and  in  cultivation ;  used  as  an  aromatic 
in  tobacco,"  "Merida,  Valdez  92  (Eupatorium  quadrangulare  Field  Col. 
Mus.  Bot.  1:324);  herb  10  feet  high,  in  general  cultivation  at  Izamal, 
March,  Gaumer  552  {Eupatorium  pop ulifolium  Ibid.}. 

"CHIOPLE,"  *  this  name  is  given  by  Donde  in  his  Lecciones  Bot. 
as  the  Maya  designation  of  this  species.  I  cannot,  however,  place  it 
as  Maya;  it  is  doubtless  of  Spanish-Maya  origin.  Cuevas  says:f 
"The  leaves,  macerated  in  alcohol  and  applied  topically  with  friction 
to  the  seat  of  pain,  are  much  used  as  a  remedy  for  rheumatism.  The 
alcoholic  tincture,  in  doses  of  a  few  drops  before  each  meal,  is  much 
used  as  a  remedy  for  stomach  disorders." 

Eupatorium  albicaule  Sch.  Bip.  in  Klatt,  Leopoldina,  20:89. 

A  shrub  with  terete,  striate  stems  and  branches  and  whitish  bark, 
young  branches  glandular-puberulent;  leaves  opposite,  short-petioled, 
falcate-ovate,  acuminate,  crenate- 
serrate    or    subentire,    glabrous, 
with     pubescent    veins.      Inflor- 
escenceof  dense  cymose  panicles, 
terminating  short,  leafy  branch- 
es,    peduncles    and    pedicels 
glandular-canescent.         Heads 
12-15    flowered,    6-7   mm.    high, 
as  broad  or  nearly  so.     Involucre 
campanulate,  bracts  loosely  im- 
bricated in  2-3  series,  subacute, 
glandular-puberulent,   the    outer 
lanceolate,    inner    linear-lanceo- 
late.    Corolla   white,    the    lobes 
glandular.       Receptacle  minute, 
convex.     Achene    chestnut;    .4- 
.5X2mm.,     oblong,     little     nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  subcompressed;  in  section  oblong  in  outline,  un- 
equally 10  angled,  10  nerved,  some  of  the  nerves  usually  faint,  sparsely 
glandular-hirsute,  internerves  glandular  above;  pappus  pale  stramin- 
eous, 4-4.5  mm-  long- 

Hab. — Cozumel  1885,  Gaumer  122  (Oliver),  (E. —  sp.  Hemsley 
Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:51,  E.  drepanophyllum  Klatt,  Ibid.  1:324); 
"shrub  10  feet  high,  flowers  white,  Nov.  to  March,  Big  Mound,  Izamal, 
Gaumer  608;  common  in  brushlands  about  Izamal,  824.  Big  Mound, 
Izamal,  March  n,  1903  Cac.  et.  Ed.  Seler  jpipa,  3921. 

Eupatorium  conyzoides  Vahl  Symb.,  3:96. 

An  erect  or  reclining,  slender  shrub,  with  terete  or  subangled, 
striate  stem  and  divaricate  branches,  and  opposite,  petioled,  ovate, 
acuminate,  3  nerved,  variously  toothed  leaves,  more  or  less  tomentu- 
lose  and  punctate  beneath.  Inflorescence  an  elongated,  divaricately 


"Called  CHIOPK  by  the  Mayas. 
tEnsayo  Botanico,  1894:  13. 


94 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


branched,  leafy,  corymbose  panicle;  branchlets  and  pedicels  rigid, 
striate,  puberulent.  Heads  about  20  flowered,  9-10  mm.  high,  3-3.5 

mm.  broad.  Involucre  cylindri- 
cal bracts  in  4-6  series,  ap- 
pressed,  oblong,  obtuse  or  api- 
culate,  several  nerved,  ciliolate 
at  the  summit.  Corolla  pale 
blue  or  white.  Receptacle  con- 
vex to  clavate.  Achene  black, 
.6-. 65x4-5  mm.,  oblong,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  in  section 
unequally  5  angled;  5  nerved 
(often  3  or  4  nerved  by  suppres- 
sion of  the  dorsal  nerves),  hirsute 
on  the  nerves,  a  few  scattered 
hairs  in  the  internerves  above; 
pappus  bristles  tawny,  3-5  mm. 
long.  ' 

Hab. — Suburbs   of    Merida, 

Dec.,  1864,  Schott  144;  "in  brushlands,  about  Izamal,  Oct.,"  Gaunter 
914;  "ascending  15  feet  among  shrubs  and  on  old  fences,  flowers 
heliotrope,  Izamal,  Oct.,"  953;  San  Anselmo  2048;  Chichankanab 
2049,  2089;  Calotmul  2087;  Silam  2088;  Xcholac,  Stone  227;  campo 
about  ruins,  Chichen  Itza,  Jan.  17,  1895,  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped. 
115;  old  fields  near  San  Miguel,  Cozumel,  Millspaiigh  PI.  Utowana 
1489;  in  the  arid  stony  scrubland  south  of  Progreso,  March  5,  1688 
(Eupatorium  ivafolium,  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2:105);  old  henequen 
plantation  near  Merida,  Feb.  n,  1903,  C&c.  et  Ed.  Seler  3832. 

A  variable  species.  Gaumer  953  ^  2087,  2088,  2089,  and  Millspaugh 
PL  Utowance  1688  are  diffusely  branching  plants  with  small  corymbs,, 
heads  and  achenes,  and  leaves 
little  or  not  at  all  punctate  be- 
low; Millspaugh  PL  Utowanx 
1489  has  corymbs,  heads  and 
achenes  unusually  large,  and  in 
appearance  resembles  Eupato- 
rium  odoratum  L. 

Called  XTOKABAL*  "astrin- 
gent" by  the  Mayas. 

Eupatorium     pycnocephalum 

Less.  Linnsea,  6:404. 
An  erect,  slender,  perennial 
herb,    with    terete,    glabrate    or 
puberulent  stems  and  branches, 
and  opposite,  petioled,  deltoid-ovate    or  subcordate,   acuminate,  ere- 
nate-dentate,    soft   pubescent   leaves.      Inflorescence  of  dense  cymes 


*The  Maya  X  denotes  the  feminine  gender.  It  is  here  prefixed  to  Tokabal  (Trixis  frutescens) ,  but 
whether  this  is  simply  to  differentiate  the  plants,  or  whether  it  denotes  that  this  species  is  used  irt 
the  treatment  of  females,  I  cannot  say. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


95 


on  long,  bracteate  peduncles,  terminal  and  axillary;  peduncles  and 
pedicels  slender,  somewhat  flexuous,  puberulent.  Heads  about  25 
flowered,  5-5.5  mm.  high,  as  broad  or  nearly  so.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate,  bracts  in  2-3  series,  more  or  less  spreading,  the  outer  lanceo- 
late, acute,  cuspidate,  puberulent;  inner  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse, 
ciliolate-hyaline  margined  at  the  summit,  exceeding  the  flowers. 
Corolla  light  purple.  Receptacle  slightly  convex.  Achene  black, 
.35  x  1.3  mm.  ;  oblong,  little  narrowed  at  the  base;  in  section  5  angled, 
the  dorsal  facets  usually  convex;  5  nerved,  the  nerves  hispidulous; 
pappus  bristles  white,  capillary,  2  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb,  6  feet  high,  ataguadas  near  Izamal,  not  common, 
October"  Gaunter  1022. 

Eupatorium  Guadalupense  Spreng.  Syst,  3:414. 

An    erect,    branching    herb,   with    terete,    striate,    glabrate    stem 

and  branches,  and  opposite 
and  alternate,  petioled,  rhombic- 
ovate,  acute,  crenate,  nearly 
glabrous  leaves.  Inflorescence  a 
loose,  open,  leafy,  cymose  pan- 
icle; branches  and  pedicels  slen- 
der, puberulent.  Heads  about  15 
flowered,  4-5  mm.  high,  as  broad 
or  broader.  Involucre  campanu- 
late,  bracts  in  2  or  3  series, 
spreading;  the  outer  lanceolate, 
acute,  puberulent;  inner  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  minutely  api- 
culate,  nerved,  glabrous,  much 
exceeding  the  flowers.  Corolla 
violet.  Receptacle  flat.  Achene 
dark  brown,  .35-.4XI.5  mm.,  oblong,  slightly  rounded  at  apex  and 
larrowed  at  base;  in  section  unequally  5  angled,  the  facets  concave;  5 
icrved,  hirsute  on  the  nerves  above  and  sometimes  sparsely  so  between 
them:  pappus  bristles  white,  capillary,  1-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  caducous. 

Hab. — Cozumel,  1886  Gaumer  (Oliver)  {Eupatorium  paniculatum 
Schrad.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:51);  "herb,  3  feet  high,  common," 
Pocoboch,  Gaumer  1317 ;  Calotmul  2joj. 

Called  XULTOXIU  "Introduced  weed"  by  the  Mayas,  who  consider 
the  species  exotic. 

WILLUGHB^EA*  Neck.  Elem.,  1:82. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile.  Involucre 
oblong  of  few  subequal  bracts  in  2  series.  Receptacle  naked,  small, 
plane.  Achene  5  angled;  pappus  of  many  bristles  in  1-2  series,  con- 
nected at  base  by  an  annulus.  Herbaceous  or  woody  vines,  heads  4 
flowered,  in  cymose  or  corymbose  panicles. 

Achenes  attenuate  at  the  base,  internerves  glandular-puberu-  )  cordifolia 

lent  or  glabrate  \ 

Achene  not  attenuate,  internerves  resin  dotted  scandens. 


*The  separation  of  this  genus  from  Eupatorium  is  questionable. 


96 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Willughbaea  cordifolia  (L.)  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  PL,  1:372. 
Cacalia  cordifolia  L. 

A    climbing    perennial,    frutescent    at    base,    with    striate-angled 
branches,    and    opposite,    petioled,   cordate,    acute,    angular-dentate, 

softly  pubescent  leaves.  Inflor- 
escence an  elongated  panicle  of 
opposite,  long-peduncled,  flat- 
topped  corymbs;  branches  and 
pedicels  angled,  glandular-pu- 
berulent.  Heads  9-10  mm.  high, 
5-7  mm.  broad,  subtended  by  a 
lanceolate  bractlet  half  the 
length  of  the  involucre.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  loosely  imbricated 
in  2  series  of  2  each,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  outerglandular  puberu- 
lent,  inner  glabrate  or  puberulent 
at  the  summit  exceeding  the 
outer.  Corolla  white  (?).  Achene 
olive  brown,  .6-.8x  3-3.3  mm.,  oblong,  attenuate  at  the  base;  in  sec- 
tion depressed  5  angled,  the  facets  concave;  5  nerved,  minutely  hispi- 
dulous  on  the  nerves,  sparsely  glandular-pubescent  between  them,  or 
nearly  glabrate ;  pappus  bristles  pale  rusty,  barbellate,  4-5  mm.  long. 
Hab. — About  Nohcacab,  Nov.  1865,  Schott  716  ( Mikania  cordifolia 
Willd.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1 1395). 

Willughbaea  scandens  (L.)  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  PL,  1:371. 

Eupatorium  scandens  L. 

A  twining,  perennial  herb  with  striate  stem  and  branches  and 
opposite,  petioled,  hastately-cordate,  acuminate,  repando-dentate 
leaves,  nearly  glabrous  or  puberulent  beneath.  Inflorescence  of  com- 
pound cymose  clusters  terminating  leafy  branchlets;  branchlets  and 
pedicels  compressed,  sparsely  glandular-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrate. 
Heads  5-7  mm.  high,  3  mm.  or 
more  broad,  subtended  by  anobo- 
vate,  acuminate  bractlet  nearly  as 
long  as  the  involucre.  Involucral 
bracts  imbricated  in  2  series  of 
2  each,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
minutely  glandular  or  glabrate, 
ciliolate  at  the  summit,  the  inner 
little  longer  than  the  outer.  Cor- 
olla white  or  pinkish.  Achene 
olive  brown,  .5x2.4-2.7  mm., 

oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  in  s  $>• 

section    5    angled,     the     facets 
slightly  concave;    5    nerved, 
nerves  glabrate,   internerves   resin   dotted;    pappus  bristles   pinkish- 
tawny  or  flesh  color,  hispidulous,  4-5  mm.  long. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


97 


Hab. — "Vine  15  feet,  flowers  white,  common  at  Xcholac,  Jan.  to 
Feb.,"  Gaumer  443  (Mikania  scandens  Willd.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2:324). 

In  Yucatan  and  West  Indian  specimens  the  pappus  is  usually 
more  or  less  pinkish,  while  in  those  from  the  United  States  the  pappus 
is  white. 

COLEOSANTHUS  Cass.  Diet,  10:36. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect,  fertile.  Involucre 
campanulate,  of  narrow,  striate  bracts,  imbricated  in  2  series.  Recep- 
tacle naked,  plane  or  convex.  Achene  10  ribbed,  pappus 'of  many 
slender  bristles  in  i  series.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  heads  few  to  many 
flowered,  in  panicles  or  cymes. 

Coleosanthus  diffusus  (Vahl)  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  PI.,  1:328. 

Eupatorium  diffusum  Vahl. 

An  erect  annual,  branching  above,  with  subangled  brown-puberu- 
lent  stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  petioled,  rhombic-ovate  or  sub- 
cordate  ,  acuminate,  dentate 
leaves.  Inflorescence  an  elon- 
gated, diffuse,  cymose  panicle: 
the  main  axis  and  lower  part  of 
branches  puberulent,  secondary 
branches  and  pedicels  glabrate, 
slender.  Heads  7-12  flowered, 
7  mm.  high  8-10  mm.  broad. 
Involucral  bracts  in  2  series, 
loosely  spreading,  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  strongly 
nerved,  the  outer  ciliolate,  the 
inner  glabrate.  Corolla  white. 
Receptacle  plane.  Achene  dull 
•  black,  .5x1.9-2  mm.  subcom- 
pressed  cylindrical,  little  nar- 
rowed at  base,  apex  truncate;  in  section,  elliptical;  10  ribbed,  mi- 
nutely hirsute;  pappus  bristles  white,  nearly  smooth,  4  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb  10  feet  high,  uncommon  in  fields  and  brushlands 
near  Izamal,  flowering  from  December  to  March,"  Gaumer  1080 
(Brickellta  diffusa  A.  Gray  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1-394). 

GRINDELIA  Willd.  Ges.' Nat.  Fr.  Berl.  Mag.,  1807,  p.  259. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate  fertile,  ligulate; 
disc  flowers  perfect,  fertile  or  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  depressed 
hemispheric,  of  many  coriaceous  bracts,  imbricated  in  many  series,  the 
outer  gradually  shorter.  Receptacle  naked,  plane  or  convex.  Achene 
laterally  compressed,  hard,  4-5  ribbed;  pappus  of  2-8  deciduous  awns 
or  bristles.  Resinous  herbs,  with  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Grindelia  nana  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  N.  S.  7:314. 

A   slender,   erect   annual,   branching  above,  with   smooth,  striate 


t 


98 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


stem  and  branches  and  alternate  clasping,  pale,  linear-lanceolate  or 
spatulate,  apiculate,  subentire  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  12-15  mm- 
high,  2.5-3  cm.  broad;  ray  flowers  about  20,  disk  flowers  numerous. 

Involucral    bracts   linear-lanceo- 
late, coriaceous  with    green    re- 
volute-squarrose     tips,    strongly 
resinous.      Corolla  of  ray  flowers 
with  short   tube,   ligule  oblong- 
elliptic,  acute,  entire,  8-10  mm. 
long,    spreading     or    somewhat 
revolute;     disk    flowers    fertile, 
cylindrical,  5  cleft.      Receptacle 
slightly    convex.       Achene    pale 
brown,    1.3x3.7-4    mm.,    rhom- 
boid-oblong    narrowed    at     the 
base,  sublunate;  in  section  com- 
pressed   lozenge-shaped,    or    in 
.acheneof    ray   flowers    3    sided; 
glabrous;    awns    2-4   (mostly   3) 
flattened,    twisted,   hispid-denti- 
culate, 4-4.5  mm.  long,  caducous,  the  corollas  more  or  less  persistent. 
Hab. — Campo  near  Merida,  1887.     Millspaugh  jj. 
The  range  of  Grindelia  nana  Nutt.  as  given  in  Synoptical  Flora 
of  N.  Am.  (i,  part  2:119),  is  "Washington  and  east  to  N.  W.  Wyom- 
ing, south  to  Shasta,  California,"  and  one  collection  of  the  species  at 
Santa  Cruz,   California,   is  considered  "much    out  of   range."     The 
above  is  the  only  specimen  collected  in  Yucatan,  this  was  probably 
introduced  with  imported   hay.      Our  specimen  has   leaves  entire   or 
with  a  few  teeth  at  the  summit  or  base. 

ASTER  L.  Sp.  PL,  872. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate,  fertile,  ligulate;. 
disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanulate,  turbi- 
nate,  or  hemispheric,  of  many  herbaceous  bracts,  imbricated  in  several 
series,  the  outer  gradually  shorter.  Receptacle  naked,  plane  or  con- 
vex. Achene  laterally  compressed,  hard,  nerved;  pappus  of  slender 
numerous  bristles  in  i  series.  Herbs,  heads  corymbose  or  paniculate. 

Aster  laevis  L.  Sp.  PL,  876. 

An  erect,  smooth,  perennial  herb,  branching  above,  with  terete, 
striate  stem  and  alternate,  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate  leaves,  con- 
tracted below  into  a  winged  petiole,  upper  with  auriculate  or  sub- 
cordate,  partly  clasping  base.  Inflorescence  a  cymose  leafy  panicle, 
branches  and  pedicels  angled,  glabrate  or  nearly  so.  Heads  10  mm. 
high,  20-22  mm.  broad,  ray  flowers  15-25,  disk  flowers  numerous. 
Involucre  turbinate,  bracts  in  3-4  series,  rigid,  erect,  appressed,  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  with  dark  green,  ciliolate,  mucronate  tips.  Ligules 
pale  violet,  oblong,  entire,  10-12  mm.  long,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
brownish  purple,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  slightly  convex.  Achene  strami- 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


99 


neous,  i  x  2.2-2.5  mm-,  rhomboid-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base;  in  sec- 
tion lozenge-shaped;  10  nerved,  glabrate  when  mature,  undeveloped 
achenes  usually  sparsely  pubes- 
cent; pappus  bristles  tawny, 
barbellate,  5  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Brought  to  Yucatan 
by  Dr.  Gaumer  in  1889,  now 
wild  all  about  his  enclosures, 
a  perpetual  bloomer,  Izamal 
Gaumer  857.  {Aster  Novi-Belgii 
L.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:323.) 

LEPTILON    Raf.   Am.    Month. 

Mag.,  2:268. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radi- 
ate, rays  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late,  inconspicuous,  in  several 
series;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanulate, 
of  narrow  bracts  imbricated  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Recep- 
tacle naked,  plane.  Achene  laterally  compressed;  pappus  of  numerous 
fragile  bristles  in  i  series.  Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  small  heads, 
racemose  or  panicled. 

Leptilon  Canadense  (L.)  Britton  &  Brown  111.  Fl. ,  3:391. 
Erigeron  Canadensis  L. 

A  strict,  erect  annual,  with  striate-sulcate  stem,  sparsely  hispid 
or  glabrate,  and  alternate,  sessile,  linear,  subentire,  hispid-ciliate 
leaves.  Inflorescence  an  elongated  panicle;  branches  and  pedicels 
angled,  subsulcate,  sparsely  pubescent.  Heads  5  mm.  high,  6-8  mm. 
broad,  about  40  flowered.  Involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 

loose,  with  spreading  tips.  Rays 
white,  shorter  than  the  pappus, 
erect;  disk  corollas  4  lobed. 
Achene  pale  brown,  .4  x  1.3  mm. ; 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
rounded  at  the  summit;  in  sec- 
tion lozenge-shaped;  strongly 
2  ribbed,  somewhat  translucent 
between  the  ribs,  hirsute;  pap- 
pus bristles  pale  tawny,  minutely 
barbellate,  3  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Charcas  at  Celestun, 
May  12,  1865,  Schott  362  {Erig- 
eron Canadensis  L.  Field  Col. 
Mus.  Bot.  i  :395);  Cozumel,  1885, 
Gaumer  fide  Oliver  {Erigeron 
Canadensis  L.  Ibid.  1:52);  fre- 
quent in  waste  places  about  Izamal,  3  feet  high,  July  to  Dec.,  Gaumer 
846,  1996  {Erigeron  Canadensis  L.  Ibid.  1:323). 


IOO 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


CONYZA  Less.  Syn.  Comp.,  p.  203. 

Heads  heterogamous,  discoid;  several  rows  of  marginal  flowers 
pistillate,  fertile,  the  corolla  reduced  to  a  filiform  tube,  destitute  of 
ligule;  central  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  very  slender  tubular.  Involucre 
campanulate,  of  narrow  bracts  imbricated  in  few  to  several  series,  the 
outer  shorter.  Receptacle  naked,  plane  or  convex,  faveolate.  Achene 
laterally  compressed;  pappus  of  i  series  of  capillary  bristles.  Herbs 
with  rather  small  corymbose  heads. 

Conyza  lyrata  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:55. 

An  ascending  or  erect,  branching  viscous  herb  with  subangled 
glandular-pilose  or  puberulent  stem  and  branches  and  alternate,  sessile, 
obovate,  sinuate-lyrate,  dentate,  brown  farinose  leaves.  Inflorescence 
of  cymose  clusters  of  few  to  many  heads  terminating  leafy  branches; 

branchlets  and  pedicels  densely 
brown  farinose  and  sparsely  pu- 
bescent with  soft  spreading 
white  hairs.  Heads  6-7  mm. 
high,  12-14  rnm.  broad,  many 
flowered.  Involucral  bracts 
loosely  imbricated  in  3  series, 
lanceolate-linear,  acuminate,  the 
outer  densely  brown  farinose,  the 
inner  glabrous  except  a  farinose 
median  line,  ciliate  at  the  sum- 
mit, exceeding  the  pappus. 
Marginal  corollas  white,  central 
yellowish  Receptacle  subcon- 
vex.  Achene  chestnut,  .2x1 
mm.,  oblong,  rounded  at  the 
base;  in  section  oblong;  nerve- 
less, villous;  pappus  bristles  10-15,  brownish  white,  nearly  smooth 
4-5  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  common  in  towns,  flowers  white," 
Izamal,  Gaumer  fij,  Chichankanab  1453,  Pocoboch  2406. 

BACCHARIS  L.  Sp.  PL,  860. 

Heads  dioecious,  discoid,  many  flowered,  flowers  of  fertile  heads 
pistillate,  of  sterile  heads  perfect.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  many 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  outer  gradually  shorter.  Recep- 
tacle naked,  plane.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  ribbed ;  pappus  of 
numerous  capillary  bristles.  Dioecious  shrubs;  with  small  panicled 
or  corymbose  heads. 

Baccharis  halimifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.,  860. 

A  freely  branching,  glabrate  shrub  with  striate  stem  and  angled 
branches,  and  thickish  alternate,  obovate  to  oblong  leaves  with  cune- 
ate  base  attenuate  into  a  petiole,  3-9  toothed,  those  of  the  flowering 
branches  lanceolate,  mostly  entire.  Inflorescence  of  axillary  and 
terminal  peduncled  clusters  of  1-5  subsessile  heads;  branches  and 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         101 


peduncles  striate,  glabrous,  covered  with  a  resinous  exudation.  Pistil- 
late heads  12-14  mm.  high,  4-5  mm.  broad.  Involucral  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  4  series,  the  outer  ovate 
to  oblong,  obtuse,  tinged  with 
purplish  olive,  more  or  less  resin- 
ous; inner  lanceolate,  subacute, 
fimbriate,  paler,  much  exceeded 
by  the  pappus.  Corolla  short, 
white.  Achene  yellw,  .5  x  1.5 
mm.,  obliquely  obconoid;  in 
section  oval-oblong;  strongly  10 
ribbed,  glabrous;  pappus  bristles 
copious,  soft,  silky,  white,  or 
pale  pinkish  tawny,  smooth, 
10-13  mm.  long.  Sterile  heads 
similar,  involucre  slightly  smal- 
ler, achenes  abortive;  pappus, 
barbellate,  plumose  at  the  sum- 
mit, 3-5  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Shrub,  6  feet  high,  not  common  at  Chichankanab" 
Gaumer  1376,  Pocoboch  2367. 

The  species  varies  greatly  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.  Our  speci- 
mens are  without  lower  leaves;  those  of  the  inflorescence  are  oblance- 
olate,  entire. 

PLUCHEA  Cass.  Bull.  Philom.,  1817:31. 

Heads  heterogamous,  discoid;  outer  flowers  in  many  series,  pistil- 
late, fertile,  corolla  reduced  to  a  slender  tube;  central  flowers  perfect, 
sterile,  the  corolla  tubular,  5  cleft.  Involucre  wide  campanulate,  of 
membranaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  gradu- 
ally shorter.  Receptacle  naked,  plane.  Achene  laterally  compressed, 
nerved;  pappus  of  i  series  of  spreading  slender  bristles.  Herbs  with 
dense  cymes  of  flesh  color  or  pale  purple  flowers. 


Achene  strongly  nerved,  internerves  resin  dotted 
Achene  faintly  nerved,  internerves  not  resinous 


camphorata 
odorata 


Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC.  Prod.,  5:452. 

Erigeron  camphoratum  L. 

An  erect,  branching,  heavy-scented  annual,  with  angled  stems 
and  branches  and  alternate,  petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate 
leaves,  minutely  glandular-puberulent.  Inflorescence  a  broad  or  flat- 
topped  compound  corymb  of  cymose  clusters  of  several  to  many 
heads;  branchlets  and  pedicels  densely  glandular-puberulent.  Heads 
6-7  mm.  high,  9-10  mm.  broad,  many  flowered.  Involucral  bracts  in 
3  series,  tinged  with  rose  purple,  acuminate,  the  outer  ovate,  glandu- 
lar-puberulent, ciliolate;  inner  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  with  a 
median  line  of  glandular  puberulence,  ciliolate,  the  tips  erect  or 
spreading,  as  long  as  the  pappus.  Corollas  rose  purple.  Achene 
purplish  brown,  .3x1  mm.,  oblong  narrowed  at  the  base,  suboblique; 


102 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


in  section  oblong  in  outline,    5   or  6  angled,   the   lateral  facets  con- 
cave;   5   or  6  nerved,  hirsute  on  the  pale  nerves,  resin  dots  between 

them;  pappus  bristles  10-15, 
fragile,  tawny  or  purplish,  nearly 
smooth,  3  mm.  long. 

Hab.—  "Herb  6  feet  high, 
old  fields  about  Izamal,  uncom- 
mon, October."  Gaunter  1002 
(Pluchea  purpurascens  Field  Col. 
Mus.  Bot.  1:396)  "abundant  at 
Chulubmay,  March,"  Jropp,  Silam 
2127,  2412,  Chichankanab  2175, 
2453;  near  the  Caleta,  Cozumel, 
Millspaugh  PL  Utowance  1532, 
borders  of  the  lagoons,  south  of 
Progreso,  1714. 

Pluchea    odorata    (L.)    Cass. 

Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  13:3. 
Conyza  odorala  L. 

An  erect  herb,  with  fruticose  base,  subangled,  softly  pubescent 
stem  and  branches  and  alternate,  petioled,  lanceolate,  entire  leaves, 
attenuate  at  both  ends,  puberulent  above,  paler  and  downy-pubescent 
below,  odorous  when  crushed.  Inflorescence  a  broad,  congested, 
compound  corymb  of  cymose  clusters  of  10-20  heads;  branchlets  and 
pedicels  glandular-tomentose.  Heads  6-7  mm.  high,  9-10  mm.  broad, 
many  flowered.  Involucral  bracts  in  4  series,  olivaceous,  the  outer 
ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  glandular  puberulent,  ciliolate,  inner  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  tips  erect  or  spreading,  slightly  exceeding 
the  pappus.  Corollas  pale  rose  color.  Achene  reddish  chestnut, 
.2  x  .9  mm.,  oblong,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  little  oblique;  in  sec- 
tion cuneate-5-angled  ;  faintly 
5  nerved,  hirsute  on  the  nerves, 
glabrous  between  them;  pappus 
bristles  10-15,  white,  minutely 
barbellate,  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Hab.  —  Merida,  Feb.  12, 
1865,  Schott  185,  salt  swamps  at 
Sisal,  Nov.  9,  1865,  i;  Island 


of  Mugeres   1886,    Gaumer  (Oli- 

ver); streets  of  Izamal,  Jan.  23, 

1895.       Millspaugh   Armour  Ex- 

fed.     176;     Merida,     Valdez    6; 

Izamal,   Gaunter  jpp,   Pocoboch 

1742,   2343,   Calotmul    1743,   the 

Caleta,  Cozumel,  Millspaugh  PI. 

Utowana,  rfoj,  1512;  Ticul,  March    6,   1903,  Ctzc.    et  Ed.   Seler  3912, 

and  Mani  March  7,  3914. 

A  common  shrub,  flowering  throughout  the  year,  known  in  Yuca- 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^;  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         103 

tan  as  "Santa  Maria,"  and  used  in  domestic  medicine  as  a  febrifuge 
as  we  use  boneset  in  the  north.  Cultivated  in  the  interior,  called 
CHALCHAY,  "Resin  plant,"  by  the  Mayas  and  used  by  them  with  excel- 
lent success  as  an  antiperiodic  in  malarial  forms  of  fever;  also  as  an 
emmenagogue. 

Dond£  says:*  "Its  action  upon  the  uterus  is  recognized.  When 
for  any  cause  menstruation  is  interrupted  take  a  few  of  the  wilted 
(salcochando)  leaves  at  intervals  during  the  day." 

SPIRACANTHA  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:22,  t.  313. 

Heads  i  flowered,  flower  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
narrow,  of  hyaline  bracts  in  2  series  of  3  each,  unequal.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achene  subcompressed,  faintly  nerved;  pappus  of  many  stout, 
erect,  unequal,  caducous  bristles.  Low,  fruticose;  heads  aggregated 
in  spinescent  glomerules. 

Spiracantha  cornifolia  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:22,  t.  313. 

A  low,  diffusely  branching,  woody  herb  with  terete,  pubescent 
stems  and  branches,  and  alternate,  short-petioled,  ovate  or  elliptical, 
acute  leaves,  dark  green  and  pubescent  above,  pale  tomentose  beneath. 
Inflorescence  of  terminal  and  axillary  clusters  of  2-5  spiny  glomerules; 
the  clusters  on  a  common  hirsute  peduncle,  .5-5  cm.  long,  solitary  or 
several  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Heads  i  flowered,  minute,  12  to  20 
aggregated  in  an  ovoid  glomerule 
subtended  by  a  wide,  adnate,  leaf- 
like,  veiny  bract,  the  heads  each  sub- 
tended by  a  broad,  hirsute,  cori- 
aceous bract,  bearing  a  squarrose 
spine.  Involucral  bracts  hyaline, 
ciliolate  at  the  summit,  mucronate, 
clothed  with  long  silky  hairs  at 
the  base,  i  nerved,  the  outer  longer. 
Corolla  purple,  4  or  5  lobed.  Re- 
ceptacle minute.  Achene  dull 
brown,  .9x2.1  mm.;  obovoid,  at- 
tenuate at  the  base,  apex  obtuse; 

in  section  oblongo-elliptic;  obscurely  5  nerved,  glabrous;  pappus 
bristles  upwardly  barbed,  .5-1  mm.  long.  , 

Hab. — "Herb,-  12  inches  high,  uncommon,"  Yot  Donot,  Gaumer 
1335- 

NOCCA  Cav.  Icon.,  3:12,  t.  224. 

Heads  i  flowered,  aggregated  in  dense  capitate  glomerules,  sub- 
tended by  herbaceous  bracts.  Involucre  calyx-like,  tubular,  gamo- 
phyllous.  Receptacle  naked.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  nerved; 
pappus  (in  our  species)  reduced  to  a  tuft  of  short  hairs  on  the  apex. 
Herbs  or  shrubs. 


*Ensayo  Botanico,  1894  : 12. 


104 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Nocca  mollis  (Cav.)  Jacq.  Frag.,  58  t.  85. 

Lagasca  mollis  Cav. 

An  ascending,  usually  diffusely  branched  annual,  with  striate 
softly  pubescent  stem  and  branches  and  opposite  (or  uppermost  alter- 
nate) petioled,  ovate,  crenate-dentate,  softly  pubescent  leaves,  paler 
beneath.  Inflorescence  of  termi- 
nal and  axillary,  solitary,  long  pe- 
duncled,  subglobose  glomerules,  of 
20-30  heads,  subtended  by  4-6  ovate, 
leaf-like  bracts.  Heads  7  mm.  high, 

2  mm.    broad.     Involucre    closely 
investing  the  achene,  4-6  (usually  5) 
cleft,     verrucose-striate,      densely 
pubescent    with    white    hairs,    the 
hairs  tufted  on  the  verrucse.     Cor- 
olla   white,   tube  short,   limb  elon- 
gated, lobes  5,  pubescent.     Achene 
dull  black,   1.25x3  mm.,   cuneate, 
rounded  at  the  summit;  in  section 
biconvex;  about  12  nerved,  minute- 
ly reticulated,  pubescent  around  the  apex  with  reflexed  hairs;  pappus 
reduced  to  a  crown  of  white  hairs. 

Hab. — Waste  lands  near  Merida,  Valdez  29  (Lagascea  mollis  Cav. 
Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:324);  common  on  open  grounds  near  Izamal, 
July  to  March,  Gaunter  489,  318  (Tithonia  tubaformis  Ibid.  1:325), 
Chichankanab  1802;  forests  of  Xkombec,  April  5,  1903,  Case,  et  Ed. 
Seler  4024. 

ELVIRA  Cass.  Diet.  Sc.  Nat,  30:67. 

Heads  heterogamous,  in  our  species  2  flowered,  i  pistillate,  fertile, 
ligulate;  i  perfect,  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  piano-compressed,  of 

3  thin  herbaceous  bracts  laid  face  to  face.      Receptacle  naked,  minute. 

Achene  dorsally  compressed,  4 
angled;  pappus  none.  Annual 
herbs  with  inconspicuous,  fasci- 
cled heads. 

Elvira  biflora  (L.)  DC.  Prod., 

5:503- 

Milleria  biflora  L. 
An  erect  annual  with  angled, 
strigose  stem  and  branches,  and 
opposite,  petioled,  lanceolate- 
ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3 
nerved,  hirsute  leaves,  paler  be- 
neath. Inflorescence  of  terminal 
and  axillary  pedunculate  fasci- 
cles of  10-12  heads,  subtended 
by  a  pair  of  leaves.  Heads  5-6  mm.  high,  5  mm.  broad,  on  slender 
pubescent  pedicels,  or  subsessile,  2  flowered.  Involucral  bracts  veiny, 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         105 


subcrenate,  pubescent,  with  short,  stiff  white  hairs,  the  first  cordato- 
orbicular,  second  and  third  smaller,  cordato-ovate,  opposite  to  and 
closely  appressed  to  the  first,  the  third  folded  under  the  second  and 
adherent  to  it  on  one  side  at  the  base.  Corollas  yellowish,  barely 
exceeding  the  involucre.  Achene  dull  black,  1.4x2.5  mm.,  obovate; 
in  section  biconvex  in  outline;  the  lateral  and  ventral  angles  keeled, 
dorsal  angle  nearly,  obsolete,  sparsely  pubescent  near  the  summit, 
apex  minutely  denticulate. 

Hab.— "Herb,  3  feet  high;  abundant  on  uncultivated  and  waste 
lands  near  Izamal,  Sept.  to  Feb."  Gaumer  367  (Elvira  Martyni  Cass. 
Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:323)  Chichankanab  1535,  1571,  1709,  1711,  San 
Anselmo  1710. 

MILLERIA  L.  Sp.  PL,  919. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flower  i,  pistillate,  fertile,  Hgu- 
late;  disc  flowers  2-4,  perfect,  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  oblique, 
depressed  subglobose,  thickened  in  fruit,  firmly  closed  over  the 
achene,  of  two  outer  bracts,  one  wide,  concave,  subcucullate,  the 
opposite  small,  and  2  or  3  subhyaline  inner  ones.  Receptacle  naked, 
small.  Achene  slightly  compressed  laterally,  the  hilum  above  the 
base,  striate,  pappus  none.  Tall  annual  herbs,  with  inconspicuous 
heads. 

Milleria  quinqueflora  L.  Sp.  PI.,  919. 

An  erect  annual,  with  subangled  stem  and  trichotomous  branches, 
and  large,  thin,  opposite,  orbicular-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  leaves, 
attenuate  into  a  winged  petiole  or  the  upper  sessile,  subentire,  scabrate 
above,  soft  pubescent  beneath.  Inflorescence  of  terminal  and  axil- 
lary dichotomous  racemes;  rachis  glandular  pubescent.  Heads  5-6 
mm.  high,  2.5-3  mm-  broad  on  slender,  spreading  or  drooping,  glabrate 
or  sparingly  glandular-pubescent 
peduncles,  5  flowered,  ray  flower  i, 
pistillate,  fertile,  the  others  perfect, 
sterile.  Involucre  obliquely  cup- 
shaped  when  young,  much  thick- 
ened in  fruit,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter, 
turgid,  somewhat  gibbous,  irregular 
subglobose,  sparingly  glandular. 
Ray  flower  yellow,  ligule  cuneate, 
3  cleft,  5  mm.  long;  disk  corollas 
green.  Achene  dull  black,  2.5x4  . 
mm.,  obovoid,  suboblique  at  base; 
in  section  oval;  many  striate  with 
impressed  lines.  v--/// 

Hab. — Cercanias  about  Merida,  ^^=zZ^          \=^ 

Nov.  15,  1864,  Schott  po;  "herb   9 

feet  high,  abundant  in  fields  and  vacant  lots  about  Izamal,  flowering 
from  Oct.  to  Jan."  Gaumer  949. 

Called  XIUTOLOC,  "Toloc  herb,"  by  the  Mayas.  The  Maya  TOLOC 
is  an  unknown  species  of  persimmon,  bearing  a  fruit  having  a  crest  or 
hood. 


io6 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


BALTIMORA  L.  Mant.  PL,  158. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  in  i  series,  pistillate,  fertile, 
ligulate;  disk  flowers,  perfect,  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanu- 
late,  of  2  series  of  imbricated  bracts,  rigid  with  herbaceous  tips. 
Receptacle  plane,  chaffy;  scales  subtending  or  embracing  the  sterile 
flowers.  Achenes  3  sided,  thickened,  rugose;  pappus  a  small  crateri- 
form,  deciduous  disk.  Annual  herbs,  heads  in  loose  panicjes. 

Baltimora  recta  L.  Mant.  PL,  288. 

An  erect,  branching,  annual,  with  opposite,  slender  petioled, 
ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hirsute  leaves.  Inflorescence  a  loose, 

cymose  panicle  of  several  to 
many  heads;  branches  and  pe- 
duncles slender,  striate,  hirsute. 
Heads  5-6  mm.  high,  12-15  mm- 
broad,  ray  flowers  5-6,  disk  flow- 
ers numerous.  Involucral  bracts 
subequal,  appressed,  ovate,  acu- 
minate, hirsute,  especially  toward 
t he  summit,  striate.  Corollas 
yellow,  rays  with  short  tube, 
ligule  oval,  6  mm.  long,  emargi- 
nate,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
campanulate,  5  lobed,  the  lobes 
hirsute  within.  Receptacle  sub- 
convex  ;  scales  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  hirsute  at  the 
summit.  Achene  black,  2.5-2.7 
X3-3.2  mm.,  irregularly  cuneate  ; 

in  section  triangular;  rugose,  hirsute  at  the  summit,  3  angled,  the 
angles  corky  margined,  the  margins  produced  into  irregularly  toothed 
wings  above,  those  of  the  lateral  angles  more  prominent  than  the 
ventral;  papp'us  crateriform,  .5  mm.  high,  the  margin  fimbriate-hirsute. 
Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  common  at  Progreso,"  Gaumer  1177, 
abundant  at  Buena  Vista  Xbac,  1423;  Chichen  Itza,  Mch.  2,  1903, 
C<zc  et  Ed.  Seler  4001. 

Called  ZALAC-KAAT  by  the  Mayas.     "Light  thatch-KAAT." 

MELAMPODIUM   L.  Sp.  PL,  921. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  rays  in  i  series,  pistillate,  fertile, 
ligulate;  disk  flowers  perfect,  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  hemispheric, 
in  2  series,  dimorphous,  outer  series  of  4  or  5  broad  foliaceous  bracts, 
often  connate  at  the  base;  inner  hooded,  completely  and  permanently 
enclosing  the  achene,  forming  a  pericarp-like  covering,  and  deciduous 
with  it.  Receptacle  chaffy,  convex  or  conical;  scales  subtending  the 
sterile  flowers.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  striate,  hilum  above 
the  base,  apex  over  the  ventrum;  pappus  none.  Herbs  with  rather 
showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 


Fruit  rugose  in  regular  ridges. 
Fruit  rugose  in  irregular  lines. 


divaricatum 
gracile 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         107 


Melampodium  divaricatum  (Rich.)  DC.  Prod.,  5:520. 

Dysodium  divaricatum  Rich. 

An  erect,  dichotomously  branching  annual,  with  angled  stem  and 
branches,  pubescent  in  lines,  and  opposite,  short  ciliate-petioled, 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  sinu- 
ate-dentate, hirsute  leaves.  In- 
florescence of  solitary,  long-pe- 
duncled  heads,  terminating  the 
dichotomous  branches,  one  head 
terminal  in  the  fork;  peduncles 
slender,  puberulent.  Heads  8-9 
mm.  high,  17  mm.  broad,  ray 
flowers  10-15,  disk  flowers  nu- 
merous. Outer  involucral  bracts 
5,  imbricated,  orbicular,  sub- 
acute,  connate  at  the  base,  cili- 
ate;  inner  bracts  at  first,  con- 
duplicate,  truncate,  dentate, 
becoming  a  hard,  triangular- 
cuneate,  corky-ridged,  pericarp- 
like  covering  for  the  achene, 
which  is  with  difficulty  separated 

from  it  (shown  magnified  5  diameters  in  the  figure).  Corollas  yellow, 
ligule  oblong-oval,  bidentate,  6-7  mm.  long,  spreading;  disk  flowers  5 
lobed.  Receptacle  conoid,  elevated,  the  fructiferous  bracts  saccate 
around  it,  below  their  point  of  attachment; "scales  fimbriate.  Achene 
dull  black,  1.8-2x3.2  mm.,  unsymmetrically  cuneate-obovoid;  in  sec- 
tion triangular,  the  dorsal  facet  shortest;  striate  with  impressed  lines, 
glabrous. 

Hab. — Merida,  Nov.  14,  1864,  Schott  28  (Melampodium  paludosum 
H.  B.  K.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:395);  Cozumel  1885,  1886  Gaumer 
(Oliver)  (Eleutheranthera  divaricata  Ibid.  1:53);  patio,  residence  of  Dr. 
Gaumer,  Izamal,  Jan.  13,  1895,  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  71  (Eleu- 
theranthera  divaricata  Ibid.  1:53);  Merida  Valdez  j  (Eleutheranthera 
divaricata  Ibid.  1:324);  "herb,  4  feet  high,  abundant  in  old  fields  near 
Izamal,  Sept.  to  Jan.,"  Gaumer  563  (Eleutheranthera  divaricata  Ibid.}, 
961  (Melampodium  paludosum  H.  B.  K.  Ibid,  i  :395),  Chichankanab  1486, 
2100,  2345,  San  Anselmo  2101,  Progreso  2346,  2347,  2348. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  XOY,  "stye,"  probably  from  an  ancient  use 
of  the  plant  as  a  refrigerant  application  to  painful  boils  upon  the  eye- 
lids. Cuevas,  in  his  "Ensayo  Botanico,"  says:  "XKANTUMBUB, 
abundant  throughout  the  peninsula,  where  the  whole  plant  is  used  as  a 
remedy  for  dysentery."  This  error  is  a  common  one,  as  many  Maya- 
Yucatec  informants  do  not  differentiate  between  this  plant  and  Sanvi- 
talia  procumbent,  the  true  xkantumbub. 

Melampodium  gracile  Less.  Linnsea  6:407. 

An  erect,  trichotomously  branching  herb,  with  subangled,  hispid 
stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  partly  clasping,  oblong,  acuminate, 
sinuate  dentate,  hispid  leaves,  the  lower  somewhat  hastate-pan- 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


duriform,   the    upper    lanceolate, 
peduncled    heads,   terminating  the 


t 


Inflorescence  of  solitary,  long- 
branches,  peduncles  slender,  hir- 
sute. Heads  8  mm.  high,  10-12 
mm.  broad;  ray  flowers  5-7  (usu- 
ally but  5  perfecting  fruit),  disk 
flowers  numerous.  Outer  invo- 
lucral  bracts  3-5,  imbricated, 
ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent  with 
rigid  white  hairs;  inner  bracts 
flattened  on  the  back,  truncate, 
hirsute  with  stiff  bristle-like 
hairs  which  disappear  at  matur- 
ity, becoming  a  hard,  irregularly 
trapezoid,  warty,  reticulate,  and 
rigid,  pericarp-like  covering  for 
the  achene,  to  which  it  is  closely 
adherent  (shown  magnified  5 
diameters  in  the  figure).  Cor- 
ollas yellow,  ligules  broadly  oval,  4-5  mm.  long,  bifid,  spreading  or 
drooping;  disk  flowers  5  lobed.  Receptacle  conoid,  elevated,  the 
fructiferous  bracts  saccate  around  it  below  their  point  of  attachment; 
scales  fimbriate.  Achene  dull  black,  1.5-2  x  2.1-2.5  mrn.,  unsymmetri- 
cally  obovoid;  in  section  obovoid-cuneate,  the  dorsum  truncate; 
striate  with  impressed  lines,  glabrous. 

Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  in  the  forests  about  Izamal,"  Gaumer 
789  (Melampodium  hispidum   Field   Col.    Mus.   Bot.    1:324),    Progreso, 

2349- 

A  species  variable  in  the  shape  of  its  leaves  and  in  the  size  of  the 

fructiferous  bracts;  about  one-tenth  of  a  large  collection  (Gaumer  789) 
having  larger,  more  warty  "pericarps"  than  in  other  specimens  from 
Yucatan  and  Mexico,  but  otherwise 
these  plants  show  no  distinctions 
worthy  of  specific  or  varietal  rank. 

PARTHENIUM  L.  Sp.  PL,  988. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate, 
rays  in  i  series,  pistillate,  fertile, 
ligulate,  the  ligules  short  and  broad  ; 
disk  flowers  perfect,  sterile,  tubular. 
Involucre  depressed  hemispheric,  of 
herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  few 
series.  Receptacle  chaffy,  convex 
or  conic ;  scales  somewhat  cucullate, 
partly  enclosing  the  sterile  flowers. 
Achene  dorsally  compressed,  with  a 
callous  margin  which  is  firmly  co- 
herent at  the  base  with  the  bases  of  the  bracts  of  the  contiguous  pair  of 
sterile  flowers  and  ot  the  subtending  bract;  at  maturity  tearing  away 
from  the  achene  to  the  shoulder,  carrying  the  empty  sterile  bracts  and 
the  twice-split  subtending  bract  on  their  basal  extremities,  forming  a 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         109 

somewhat  parachute-like  arrangement  (shown  magnified  15  diameters 
in  the  figure).  Pappus  of  two  chaffy  scales  or  2-4  inconspicuous  carti- 
laginous awns;  rays  persistent  on  the  achene.  Bitter  aromatic  herbs 
or  shrubs  with  broad  panicles  of  inconspicuous  heads  of  white  flowers. 


Pappus  of  2  broad  scales 
Pappus  of  inconspicuous  awns: 

Awns  3,  divergent 

Awns  2,  erect 


Hysterophorus 

Schottii 
fruticosum 


Parthenium  Hysterophorus  L.  Sp.  PL,  1402. 

A  diffuse,  pubescent  annual  with  striate-sulcate  stem  and  branches, 
and  alternate,  peduncled,  twice-pinnatifid,  coarsely  toothed  leaves, 
those  of  the  inflorescence  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire.  Inflorescence 
of  loose,  open,  cymose  panicles; 
branches  and  peduncles  slender, 
striate,  hirsute.  Heads  3-4  mm. 
high,  5-6  mm.  broad;  ray  flowers  5, 
disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucral 
bracts  in  2  series  of  5  each,  sub- 
equal;  outer  ovate  subacute,  green, 
3  nerved,  pubescent;  inner  orbicu- 
lar-obcordate  with  a  thin,  pubescent 
margin.  Corollas  white,  rays  ob- 
cordate;  disk  flowers  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  the  5-toothed  apex  in- 
curved. Receptacle  convex;  scales 
broad,  hyaline,  tomentose  at  the 
summit,  equaling  the  sterile  flow- 
ers. Achene  black,  1.2-1.4x2 
mm. ,  obovate ;  in  section  triangular, 

dorsal  facet  convex;  pubescent  toward  the  summit  and  down  the 
ventral  angle  with  stipular  hairs;  pappus  of  2  broad  membranaceous 
scales,  .7  mm.  high. 

Hab. — Cozumel,  1885,  1886  Gaumer  (Oliver);  waste  lands  near 
Tikul,  April,  1887  Millspaugh  18;  common  about  Merida,  Valdez  12; 
abundant  near  Izamal,  Jan.  to  Dec.  Gaumer  558,  Chichankanab  1555, 
1849,  San  Anselmo  1848;  Cozumel  Millspaugh  PI.  Utowancz  1572. 

Called  ALTANIZA  in  Spanish.  "An  infusion  of  the  leaves  and 
flowers  is  reputed  as  an  emmenagogue. "  (Valdez,  Cuevas.) 

Parthenium  Schottii  Greenman  Sp.  Nov. 

Shrub:*  Stems  and  branches  smooth,  covered  with  a  grayish  white  bark, 
branchlets  slightly  striate,  tawny  pubescent;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate, 
including  the  petiole  5  to  10  cm.  long,  1.5  to  j  cm.  broad,  gradually 
narrowed  below  into  a  winged  petiole,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire 
or  repand-dentate,  hirtellous-puberulent  above,  the  hairs  arising  from  a 
bulbous  base,  finely  piibescent  beneath:  inflorescence  in  terminal  and  ax- 


*Italics  include  Dr.  Greenman's  original  description  and  notes  as  received  in  manuscript;  addi- 
tional description  and  notes  are  in  body  type. 


I  IO 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


illary  loose  cymose  corymbs!  branchlets  and  pedicels  'slender,  some- 
what flexuous,  tomentulose:  heads  3  to  4  mm.  in  diameter,  4  mm.  high, 
4-4.5  mm.  broad;  rays  5,  disk  flowers  10  to  15:  involucral  scales  about 
2-seriate,  in  3-4  series  of  5  each,  ob- 
tuse, the  outer  shorter,  puberulent, 
tomentose  at  the  summit:  rays  I 
mm.  to  1.5  mm.  long,  subrotund,  bid- 
entate:  disk  flowers  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  glandular  dotted  at  the 
apex:  receptacle  conic;  scales 
broad,  emarginate,  fimbriate,  the 
summit  clothed  with  thickened 
hairs:  pappus  of  3,  rarely  2  slender, 
inconspicuous,  divergent,  cartilagin- 
ous awns,  .25-.3  mm.  long,  the  lat- 
eral pair  slender  entire,  the  ventral 
one  broadened,  tridentate :  mature 
achenes  black,  oblong  cuneate  or  nar- 
rowly obovate,  2  mm.  long,  1.2-1.3x2.4  mm.;  in  section  flattened 
triangular  in  outline,  the  dorsum  convex,  the  ventral  angle  rounded 
and  facets  concave;  puberulent,  clothed  with  brownish  white  thickened 
hairs,  more  dense  at  the  summit  and  on  the  ventral  angle. 

Collected  by  Dr.  Arthur  Schott,  Labcah,  Yucatan,  July  jo,  1865,  No. 
264;  and  by  Dr.  G.  F,  Gaumer  at  Merida  and  at  Progreso,  Yucatan,  No. 
1166. 

Hab. — Labcah,  July  30,  1865,  Schott  264;  "shrub  3  feet  high, 
abundant  at  Progreso"  Gaumer  n66(type),  Calotmul  2213. 

Called  SANTA  MARIA  in  Yucatec  and  CHALCHA  (see  Pluchea 
odorata)  by  the  Mayas. 

Perhaps  most  nearly  related  to  P.  fruticosum  Less.,  which,  however, 
has  somewhat  broader  leaves,  much  less  attenuate  at  the  base,  and  more 
hirsute  above.  P.  Schottii  is  further  distinguished  by  the  looser 

corymbs,  3-4  seriate  involucre,  more 
conspicuous  rays,  longer  achenes, 
and  divergent  awns,  3  in  number. 

Parthenium  fruticosum  Less.  Lin- 

naea,  5:152. 

Shrubby  stems  and  branches 
with  pale  cortex,  terete,  striate,  sub- 
tomentose ;  leaves  alternate,  short 
wing-petioled,  triangular  to  cordate, 
acute,  dentate,  scabrous  above,  vil- 
lose-pubescent  below.  Inflorescence 
a  terminal,  dense,  flat-topped  or 
rounded,  cymose  corymb;  branchlets 
and  pedicels,  stout,  rigid,  tomentose. 

Heads  4  mm.  high,  5-6  mm.  broad;  rays  5-6,  disk  flowers  numerous. 
Involucral  bracts  in  2  series  of  5-6  each,  the  inner  much  longer;  outer 
ovate,  rounded  and  ciliate  at  the  summit,  pubescent;  inner  orbicular, 


PARTHENIUM  SCHOTTII- 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         1 1 1 

pubescent  toward  the  summit,  fimbriate-ciliate.  Corollas  white,  rays 
bidentate;  disk  flowers  narrowly  campanulate,  5  toothed.  Receptacle 
conic;  scales  obcordate,  tomentose  and  erose  at  the  summit.  Achene 
black,  1.2x2  mm.,  obovate;  in  section  triangular  in  outline,  the  dor- 
sum  convex,  the  ventral  angle  rounded  and  facets  concave;  densely 
clothed  with  brownish  white,  thickened  hairs;  pappus  of  2  slender 
•erect  cartilaginous  awns,  .2  mm.  long,  hardly  visible- among  the 
hairs. 

Hab. — San  Anselmo,  Gaumer  2115;  border  of  lagoon  south  of 
Progreso,  March  5,  1899,  Millsfaugh  PL  Utowance  i6(5j. 

SANVITALIA  Lam.  Journ.  Hist.  Nat,  2:176,  t.  33. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate,  fertile,  ligulate;  per- 
sistent on  the  achene;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
depressed  hemispheric,  of  herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  2-3 
series.  Receptacle  convex  to  conic,  chaffy;  scales  enfolding  the  disk 
flowers,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.  Achenes  heteromorphous,  ray 
achenes  triangular,  dorsally  compressed,  3  awned;  disk  achenes  later- 
ally compressed,  winged  or  wingless,  2  awned  or  awnless.  Annual 
herbs  with  rather  showy  heads  of  yellow  rays  and  dark  purple  disks. 


Sanvitalia  procumbens  Lam.  Journ.  Hist.  Nat.,  2:176,  t.  33. 

A  diffuse,  procumbent  annual,  with  subangled  stem  and  branches, 
and  opposite,  petioled,  lanceolate-ovate,  strigose  leaves.  Inflorescence 
of  solitary  heads  terminating  the  slender,  hirsute  branches.  Heads 
7-8  mm.  high,  12-15  mm-  broad,  subtended  By  2-3  foliaceous,  hirsute 
bracts;  rays  8,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucral  bracts  orbicular, 
appressed,  with  foliaceous  spreading  ciliate  tips,  pubescent,  the  inner 
little  exceeding  the  outer.  Rays  yellow,  turning  white  in  fruit,  ovate, 
5-6  mm.  long,  minutely  biden- 
tate; disk  corollas  dark  purple, 
5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex  to 
conic;  scales  lanceolate,  condu- 
plicate,  exceeding  and  partly  en- 
folding the  disk  flowers.  Achene 
of  ray  flowers  cineraceous  black 
when  mature,  1.2x3  mm.,  oblong 
cuneate;  in  section  triangular; 
tuberculate,  hirsute  at  the  base, 
awns  3,  divergent,  2  mm.  long; 
achenes  of  disk  flowers  dull 
brown,  .85x2  mm.,  obovoid,  in 
section  plano-convex  to  rhom- 
boidal  biconvex;  with  one  or  a 
pair  of  loosely  cellular,  ciliate- 
fimbriate  wings,  5-7  mm.  wide, 
or  wingless;  the  winged  with  i  or  2  awns,  1-2  mm.  long  or  awnless, 
faintly  tuberculate;  the  wingless  achenes  awnless  and  covered  with 
tubercles  each  tipped  by  a  short  stiff  hair  or  its  stub. 


112 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Hab. — Merida,  Nov.  29,  1864,  Schott  14;  "abundant  in  waste 
places  about  Merida,  Valdez  63 ;  "herb  18  inches,  common  at  Cacal- 
chen  and  Euan,  June  to  March,"  Gaumer  964,  San.Anselmo  -2/oj, 
Chichankanab  2104,  2352. 

Called  XKANTUMBUB,  "Yellow  TUMBUB,"  by  the  Mayas,  and 
"SANGUINARIA  DE  FLORES  NEGROS"  in  Spanish;  used  by  the  Mestizas 
as  a  remedy  for  the  vomiting  or  spitting  of  blood,  also  as  a  pectoral. 
The  sprouts,  leaves,  and  flowers  in  decoction  are  employed  as  a  remedy 
for  bloody  dysentery.  Cuevas  remarks:  *  "It  is  indicated  in  dysentery, 
in  which  an  infusion  of  the  whole  plant  should  "be  taken,  with  sugar, 
at  intervals  during  the  day. "  Donde  says :  f  "Abundant  from  July  to 
March  in  the  suburbs  of  Merida,  principally,  however,  at  San  Sebas- 
tian, the  plaza  of  which  is  carpeted  over  its  larger  part  with  this  useful 
plant.  Of  all  the  plants  of  Yucatan  this  is  without  doubt  the  one  most 
generally  employed  in  domestic  medicine  at  every  point  on  the  penin- 
sula. Its  great  reputation  as  a  remedy  for  the  spitting  or  the 
vomiting  of  blood,  and  for  strengthening  the  organs  of  respiration,  is 
attested  by  innumerable  laymen  and  the  extended  observations  of  the 
faculty  of  medicine.  It  is  also  used  as  a  remedy  for  bloody  dysentery. ' ' 

The  achenes  figured  are  taken  from  the  same  head  (Gaumer  2104); 
the  most  compressed  are  from  the  center  of  the  disk,  the  awnless  and 
wingless  from  the  margin,  next  to  the  ray  flowers. 

ECLIPTA  L.  Mant.  PL,  2:157. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate,  perfect,  ligulate; 
disk  flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  hemispheric 
of  herbaceous,  subequal  bracts  imbricated  in  2  series.  Receptacle 
plane  or  convex,  chaffy;  scales  small,  awn-like.  Achenes  laterally 
compressed,  ray  achenes  3  sided,  disk  achenes  4  sided ;  pappus  none, 
or  a  few  short  teeth.  Weedy  herbs 
with  inconspicuous  heads. 

Eclipta  alba  (L.)  Hassk.  PI.  Jav. 
Rar.,  525. 

Verbesina  alba  L. 

A  coarse  annual,  erect  or  pro- 
cumbent, with  subangled,  strigose 
stem  and  branches,  and  opposite, 
lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  acute, 
strigose-hispid  leaves,  narrowed  in- 
to a  short  petiole.  Inflorescence 
of  solitary,  peduncled,  terminal  and 
axillary  heads;  peduncles  slender, 
strigose  pubescent.  Heads  5  mm. 
high,  7-9  mm.  broad,  ray  and  disk 
flowers  numerous.  Involucral  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  ap- 
pressed  or  the  tips  spreading,  pubescent,  equal  or  the  outer  slightly 


*Ensayo  Botanico  1894  :  36. 

^Apuntes  sobre  las  Plantas  de  Yucatan  1874  : 146. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         113 


longer.  Corollas  whitish,  ligules  erect  or  little  spreading,  narrow,  2 
mm.  long.  Receptacle  slightly  convex;  scales  linear,  upwardly  barbed, 
little  shorter  than  the  disk  flowers.  Achene  brown,  1.1x2-2.2  mm. 
cuneate;  in  section  lozenge-shaped;  corky  tuberculate  rugose ;  pappus 
of  2  erect  teeth,  .  i-.  2  mm.  often  broken  away  from  the  mature  achene. 

Hab. — "Herb  6  feet  high,  common  in  old  fields  near  Izamal,  June, " 
Gaunter  ?jo  {Eclipta  erecta  L.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:323),  "in  shady 
places  10  inches  high,  Izamal,"  1012,  Progreso  1162,  San  Anselmo 
1203,  Chichankanab  1340,  2245,  2306. 

\ 
SCLEROCARPUS  Jacq.  Ic.  PL  Rar.,  t.  176. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  rays  neutral,  ligulate;  disk  perfect, 
fertile,  or  innermost  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanulate  of  few 
herbaceous  bracts.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy;  the  scales 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  closely  investing  the  achene  forming  a 
pericarp-like  covering,  and  deciduous  with  it.  Achene  subcompressed 
laterally,  obovoid,  the  hilum  above  the  base;  pappus  none  in  our 
species.  Herbs  with  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Sclerocarpus  divaricatus  Benth.  and  Hook  f.  in  Biol.   Cent.  Am. 

Bot.,   2:164.    ' 
Gymnopsis  divaricate  Benth. 

An  erect,  branching  herb,  with  subangled,  pubescent  stem  and 
branches  and  alternate,  petioled,-  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely 

dentate,  strigose-hispid  leaves. 
Inflorescence  of  solitary,  long- 
peduncled  heads,  terminal  and 
axillary;  peduncles  slender, 
clavate  above,  striate,  densely 
pubescent.  Heads  1.5-2  cm. 
h'gh,  3-4  cm.  broad;  ray  flow- 
ers 5  or  6,  disk  flowers  numer- 
ous. Involucral  bracts  5  or  6  in 
i  series,  oblong-ovate,  subacute, 
canescent.  Corollas  yellow,  ray 
with  very  slender  tube,  ligule  or- 
bicular, 3  dentate,  10-12  mm. 
long,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
hirsute,  blackish  in  the  throat,  5 
cleft.  Receptacle  conoid;  fruc- 
tiferous  scales  at  maturity 
2.5-2.7x3-3.5  mm.,  rhombic  ob- 
ovoid, covered  with  corky  protuberances,  sparsely  hirsute  except  at 
the  base  (shown  magnified  8  diameters  in  the  figure).  Achene  greenish 
black,  2.2  X3.4  mm.,  rounded  gourd  shape,  with  maminillate  apex;  in 
section  elliptical;  faintly  striate,  glabrous,  hilum  above  the  base- 
pappus  none. 

Hab. — Labcah,  July  30,  1865,  Schott  67;  "herb  3  feet  high,  abun- 
dant in  old  fields  near  Izamal  from  July  to  January,"  Gaumer  410,  77 1+ 


H4  FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 

Chichankanab  1498,  1753,   1950,  Temax  2503;  Itzimna,  near  Merida, 
Mch.  14,  Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler  3939. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  XIUHULUB.  "A  stem  upon  which  fish  are 
strung." 

MONTANOA  Llav.    &  Lex.  Nov.  Veg.  Desc.,  2:11. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  rays  neutral;  disk  flowers  perfect, 
fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  in  our  species  depressed  hemispheric,  of 
herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  i  series.  Receptacle  conic,  chaffy, 
the  scales  keeled,  enlarging  and  becoming  papery  in  fruit,  enfolding 
the  achene  and  deciduous  with  it.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  hard; 
pappus  none.  Pithy  stemmed  shrubs  with  showy  white  or  purplish 
corymbose  heads. 


Montanoa  Schottii  Robinson  &  Greenman  Proc.  Am.  Acacl,  35:518. 
A  dimming  or  reclinate  shrub  with  slender  terete  stem,  similar* 
in  habit  [to  Montanoa  pauciflora  Klatt] :  leaves  opposite,  ovate  usually 
from  a  broad  base,  the  upper 
unlobed,  the  lower  usually  pal- 
mately  3  lobed,  unappendaged,  ser- 
rate, decidedly  scabrous  -above  with 
stiff  white  hairs  arising  from  a 
tumid,  impressed  base,  sordid 
iomentulose  beneath,  9  (6-n)  cm. 
long:  inflorescence  of •  few-flow- 
ered terminal  and  axillary  cymes ; 
branches  divaricate,  striate, 
tomentulose ;  peduncles  slender, 
flexuous,  becoming  hooked  or 
curved  and  rigid  in  fruit,  tomen- 
tulose :  heads  decidedly  larger  than 
in  the  preceding  species  [M.  pauci- 
flora Klatt],  4.5-5  cm.  across,  disk 
6-7  mm.  high,  7-8  mm.  broad; 
ray  flowers  8-10,  disk  flowers  nu- 
merous: involucral  scales  5-8,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  7-10  mm. 
long,  pubescent:  ligules  about  10,  white,  spreading,  oblanceolate  tapering 
to  the  base,  3  notched,  emarginate  or  entire  at  the  subacute  apex,  2.2 
{2-2.^)  cm.  long,  faintly  veined,  glandular  dotted  beneath;  corolla  of  disk 
flowers  pubescent;  receptacle  conic;  scales  at  first  acuminate,  villous 
above,  ciliate,  becoming  in  fruit  keeled,  closely  conduplicate,  broadly 
cuneate,  10-11  mm.  long,  10  mm.  wide  (when  opened)  the  wings  after 
anthesis  lengthening  beyond  the  acumination  which  remains  as  an  erect, 
spinescent  tip;  the  wings  veiny,  2-3  lobed,  crenate,  glabrate  or  with  a 
few  weak  hairs  at  the  summit;  deciduous  with  the  enclosed  achene 
(shown  magnified  2^  diameters  in  the  figure),  the  mature  scales 
papery,  squarrose,  forming  a  subglobose  head  2-2.5  cm-  in  diameter; 


*Original  description  in  italics;  additional  description  and  notes  are  in  body  type. 


MONTANOA  SCHOTTII. 


LIBRARY 

Of  THE 
UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS, 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^;  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         115" 


achene  dark  brown,  1.4x3  mm.,  cuneate,  apex  truncate,  base  acute; 
in  section  rhomboid-lozenge  shaped,  the  angles  rounded;  glabrous. 

Yucatan,  on  a  road  between  Merida  and  Sisal,  Dr.  Arthur  Schott,  Octo- 
ber 24,  1865,  No.  oij.  Type  in  herb.  Field  Columbian  Museum  No.  40646. 

Hab. — Road  between  Merida  and  Sisal,  Oct.  24,  1865  Schott  oij; 
"4  .to  9  feet  high,  flowers  pure  white,  clearing  north  of  Mascab  Pixoy, 
January,"  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  155  (Montanoa  hibisa 'folia  Field 
Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:324);  "climbing  shrub,  20  feet  high,  on  artificial 
mound  8  miles  southwest  of  Izamal,  October;  flowers  pure  white,  very- 
showy, "  Gaumer  070,  Chichankanab  1479,  Temax  2107,  2357,  Poco- 
boch,  Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  58017,  Calotmul  2108,  2358,  2jjp. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  HOMAHAK,  "Trumpet  vine,"  in  reference 
to  the  fruiting  peduncles.  This  plant  evidently  disperses  its  seed 
from  the  greatest  height  possible.  The  fruiting  heads  by  their  hooked 
peduncles  fasten  themselves  upon  the  neighboring  trees  or  shrubs,  and 
from  this  height  the  achenes,  free  within  the  folded  papery  scales 
which  break  away  from  the  receptacle,  are  carried  by  the  wind. 

ISOCARPHA  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  12:110. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid  (rays  wanting);  flowers  perfect,  fer- 
tile, tubular.  Involucre  turbinate,  of  dry,  chaffy  bracts  similar  to  the 
scales  of  the  receptacle,  imbricated  in  2-3  series.  Receptacle  cylindri- 
cal, chaffy,  loosely  enfolding  the  flowers  and  achenes,  persistent  on  the 
receptacle.  Achene  dorsally  compressed,  4-6  angled;  pappus  none. 
Herbs  with  small  heads  of  whitish  flowers,  solitary  or  glomerate  at  the 
end  of  a  naked  peduncle. 

Isocarpha  oppositifolia  (L.)  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  12:110. 

Calea  oppositifolia  L. 

An  erect,  divaricately  branching,  pubescent  herb,  stem  and 
branches  terete,  striate;  leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  acute,  sub- 
entire,  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole.  Inflorescence  of  long- 
peduncled  clusters  of  1-6  (usu- 
ally 3)  heads,  terminal  and 
axillary;  peduncles  divaricate, 
rigid,  striate,  pubescent.  Heads 
8-10  mm.  high,  5-6  mm.  broad, 
many  flowered,  subsessile.  Irt- 
volucral  bracts,  linear  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  appressed,  strongly  2 
nerved,  pubescent  and  granular, 
the  outer  little  shorter.  Corolla 
white,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  cyl- 
indrical scales  like  the  involucral 
bracts,  more  abruptly  acuminate ; 
at  first  appressed,  somewhat  spreading  at  maturity  and  unfolding 
leaving  the  ripe  achene  free.  Achene  black,  .5-.6x  1.6  mm.,  obovatei 
cuneate,  4-6  angled  (usually  5);  in  section  compressed  4-6  angled,  the 
angles  sharp,  the  facets  concave;  glabrous. 


n6 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Hab. — Tizimin,  March  28,  1866.  Schott  sine  num.;  "herb  5  feet 
high  among  the  shrubbery  of  the  brushlands  and  forests  near  Izamal, 
Oct.  to  Jan."  Gaumer  976,  2507,  March  n,  1903,  Ccec.  et  Ed. 
Seler  3920;  Chichankanab  Gaumer  1425,  2Opo,  2113,  Calotmul  2110, 
2399,  San  Anselmo  2114,  Pocoboch  2388,  2400;  woodlands  about 
Chichen  Itza,  Millspaugh  PI.  Utowana  1635  (Ageratum  paleaceum? 
Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2:106). 

Called  by  the  Mayas  CHABANKAN,  "A  plant  upon  which  ants 
collect  in  great  numbers." 

BORRICHIA  Adans.  Fam.,  2:130. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  hemispheric  of 
somewhat  fleshy  bracts  imbricated  in  3  series.  Receptacle  plane  or 
convex,  chaffy;  scales,  concave,  rigid,  loosely  embracing  the  achenes 
and  deciduous  with  them.  Achene  acutely  4  angled  or  in  the  rays  3 
angled;  pappus  a  thick,  toothed  crown.  Rather  fleshy,  usually  silvery 
canescent,  sea-coast  shrubs. 


Achene  2.8  mm.,  obovoid-oblong 
Achene  3.6-4  mm.,  oblong 


argentea 
a,}  borescens 


Borrichia  argentea  (H.  B.  K.)  DC.  Prod.,  5:489. 
Diomedea  argentea  H.  B.  K.  \ 

A  low  shrub  with  pale  stem  and  slender  branches  and  opposite, 

sessile,  linear-oblanceolate,  mu- 
cronate,  canescent  or  glabrate 
leaves.  Inflorescence  of  solitary, 
peduncled  heads,  terminal  and 
axillary;  peduncles  stout,  rigid, 
striate,  silvery  canescent.  Heads 
8-9  mm.  high,  15  mm.  broad; 
ray  flowers  12-15,  disk  flowers 
numerous.  Involucral  bracts 
shorter  than  the  disk,  ovate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  with  spreading, 
mucronate  tips,  the  outer  shorter, 
silvery  canescent,  the  inner  cilio- 
late.  Corollas  yellow,  ray  with  a 
short  tube,  ligule  oval,  5  mm. 
long,  minutely  tridentate,  spread- 
ing; disk  corollas  cylindrical,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly 
convex;  scales  obovate,  spinose  tipped,  indurated  at  maturity,  falling 
from  the  receptacle  lightly  clasping  the  achen'e.  Achene  black,  1.3 
x  2.8  mm.,  obovoid-oblong,  abruptly  tapering  at  the  base;  in  section 
lozenge  shaped,  the  angles  acute,  the  facets  plane  or  little  concave; 
glabrous;  pappus  a  thickened  4-toothed  crown,  .8-. 9  mm.  high. 

Hab. — "Shrub,  2   feet  high,   abundant  on  the  coast.    Progreso," 
Gaumer  1161,  Chichankanab  2209. 

No.    2209   Gaumer  shows  two   leaves  toothed   at  the  base  as  in 
Borrichia  frutescens  (L.)  DC.,  and  in  general  our  specimens  show  B. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTVE  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         117 

argentea  to  have  a  closer  relationship  to  this  species  than  to  B.  arbor- 
escens (L.)  DC. 

Borrichia  arborescens  (L.)  DC.  Prod.,  5:489. 

Buphthalmum  arborescens  L. 

A  whitish  shrub  with  numerous  short  branches  and  opposite, 
fleshy,  oblanceolate,  mucronate,  white  canescent  or  glabrate  leaves, 
tapering  into  a  semi-clasping  base.  Inflorescence  of  solitary  heads 
terminating  the  numerous  branches,  peduncles  stout,  rigid,  striate, 
silvery  canescent.  Heads  12-15  mm-  n'gn>  22-23  mm-  broad,  ray 
flowers  15-20,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucral  bracts  longer  than 
the  disk,  fleshy,  subequal,  appressed,  the  outer  oblong-panduriform 
acute,  mucronate,  canescent;  the  inner  oblong-ovate,  subacute  or 
obtuse,  membranaceous  at  the  summit.  Corollas  yellow,  ray  with 
tube  YZ  the  length  of  the  ligule, 
ligule  oval  6-8  mm.  long,  acute, 
entire,  ascending;  disk  corollas 
cylindrical,  5  lobed.  Receptacle 
flat;  scales  oblanceolate,  acute, 
membranaceous,  falling  from 
the  receptacle  lightly  clasping 
the  achene.  Achene  black, 
1.2x3.6-4  mm.,  oblong,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  in  section 
lozenge  shaped,  the  angles 
keeled,  the  facets  plane;  glab- 
rous; pappus  a  thickened  4- 
toothed  crown,  1.3-1.5  mm.  high. 

Hab.  —  Seashore,  Cozumel 
1885,  and  Islands  of  Mugeres  and 
Holbox  1886,  Gaumer  (Oliver); 

coral  rocks  east  shore  of  Cozumel,  Millspaugh  PL  Utowana  1586 
{Borrichia  argentea  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2  :io7)  this  specimen  being  the 
host  of  the  type  of  Sorosporium  Borrichise  E.  &  E.  Ibid.  2:16. 

This,  the  only  specimen  of  Bonichia  arborescens  we  have  from 
Yucatan,  is  the  canescent  form;  but  that  this  canescence  has  no 
specific  value  is  shown  by  specimens  from  Grand  Cayman,  Millspaugh 
PI.  Utowante  1247  (Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  61247)  and  St.  Croix, 
Ricksecker  24  (Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  70324),  which  have  both 
canescent  and  glabrate  leaves  on  the  same  branches.  While  the 
leaves  of  the  canescent  form  of  B.  arborescens  resemble  those  of  B. 
argentea,  the  larger  heads  with  appressed  involucre  exceeding  the  disk 
easily  distinguish  it  from  that  species. 

TITHONIA   Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.,  1:46,  t.  4. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  hemispheric,  of  rigid, 
appressed,  striate  bracts,  with  loose,  foliaceous  tips,  imbricated  in  2-3 
series.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy;  scales  complicate,  embracing  the 
achenes,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.  Achene  laterally  compressed, 


n8 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


4  angled;  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns  one  each  to  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
angles,  and  several  intermediate  scales,  persistent  or  deciduous,  or 
pappus  nearly  obsolete.  Robust  annuals  with  large  showy  heads  of 
yellow  flowers. 


Pappus  persistent 
Pappus  deciduous 


diversifolia 
tagetiflora 


Tithonia  diversifolia  (Hemsl.)  A.  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  19:5. 
Mirasolia  diversifolia  Hemsley. 

An  erect,  branching,  annual  with  alternate  wing-petioled,  ample, 

acutely  3-5  lobed,  serrate,  scab- 
rous  leaves.  Inflorescence  of 
solitary,  terminal  and  axillary 
heads;  peduncles  clavate,  fistular 
toward  the  summit,  striate,  glab- 
rous. Heads  15  mm.  high,  disk 
25mm.  broad;  ray  flowers  10-15, 
disk  flowers  numerous.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  in  2-3  series,  glab- 
rous, the  outer  shorter,  ovate- 
orbicular,  obtuse;  inner  oblong, 
obtuse  or  subacute.  Corollas 
yellow,  ray  with  very  short  tube, 
ligule  elliptic,  3-5-4-5  cm-  long, 
minutely  bidentate,  spreading; 
disk  corollas  dilated  and  pubes- 
cent below,  5  lobed.  Receptacle 
convex;  scales  narrowly  oblanceolate,  3-5  dentate,  acuminate,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  disk  flowers,  clasping  the  achene.  Achenes  slatey 
fuscous,  1.8x5-5.2  mm.,  cuneate,  slightly  oblique;  in  section  un- 
equally rhombic,  the  angles  rounded  and  facets  concave;  appressed- 
hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous  when  mature;  pappus  persistent,  of  2  flat 
denticulate  awns  2-4  mm.  long,  and  6  intermediate,  fimbriate,  chaffy 
scales,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  or  awns  wanting  and  scales  reduced  forming 
a  crown. 

Hab. — "Herb  15  feet  high,  quite  shrubby,  cultivated  at  Izamal, 
where  it  blooms  in  November,"  Gaumer  944,  San  Anselmo  2078;  culti- 
vated in  Ditas  March  17,  1903,  Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler  jp?o. 

Tithonia  tagetiflora  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.,  1:46,  t.  4. 

An  erect,  branching  annual,  with  alternate,  wing-petioled,  ovate 
or  broad,  3-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate,  hispidulous-puberulent  leaves. 
Inflorescence  of  solitary,  terminal  and  axillary  heads,  peduncles  clav- 
ate, fistular  at  the  summit,  striate,  densely  villous.  Heads  1.2-1.5 
mm.  high,  disk  1.8-2.2  mm.  broad,  ray  flowers  usually  8,  disk  flowers 
numerous.  Involucral  bracts  in  2  series,  the  outer  longer,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, long  acuminate,  sericeous-villous;  the  inner  ovate,  acuminate, 
less  villous.  Corollas  yellow,  ray  with  very  short  tube,  ligule  oblong- 
oval,  2-2.5  cm-  l°n&»  minutely  tridentate-  or  entire,  spreading;  disk 
corollas  dilated  and  villous  at  the  base,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex; 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         119 


scales  obovate,  entire  or  notched  at  the  summit,  aristate  pointed, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  disk  flowers.  Achene  grayish  black,  2.7-2.8x6-7 
mm.;  oblong-cuneate;  in  section 
rhombic  (or  in  the  outer  achenes  3 
angled),  the  angles  rounded  and 
facets  slightly  concave;  sparsely 
appressed-pilose;  pappus  of  2  slen- 
der denticulate  awns  or  their  rudi- 
ments, intermediate  scales  (in  our 
specimens)  very  short  or  obsolete, 
caducous. 

Hab. — Merida,  Dec.  3,  1864, 
Schott  68;  wild  and  cultivated  near 
Izamal,  Valdez  pj  {Tithonia  diversi- 
folia  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:325); 
"herb"  10  feet  high,  abundant  in  old 
fields,  producing  its  orange-yellow 
flowers  from  Aug.  to  Sept.,"  Iza- 
mal, Gaumer  £pp,  shore  of  the  lake,  Chichankanab,  /5J7,  1556,  2029, 
Pocoboch,  Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  57855. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  TZUM,  from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  the 
flower  to  the  beard  of  the  wild  turkey.  Termed  CHIOPL£  by  the  Yuca- 
lecans,  who  often  add  the  cured  leaves  to  their  tobacco  as  an  aromatic. 
Macerated  in  alcohol  the  leaves  are  also  used  as  an  application  to  the 
seat  of  pain  in  rheumatism,  while  in  doses  of  a  few  drops  the  tincture 
thus  formed  is  much  used  as  a  tonic  in  various  forms  of  stomach 
disorder. 

All  our  Yucatan  specimens  have  achenes  devoid  of  pappus  bristles 
or  scales  at  maturity;  they  also  differ  from  the  typical  form  in  having 
larger  leaves  and  broader  ligules.  While  absence  of  pappus  makes 
these  plants  disagree  with  the  descriptions  of  Tithonia  tagetiflora,  and 
even  with  the  generic  description  of  Tithonia,  it  does  not  seem  wise 
to  establish  a  species  or  even  a  variety  on  so  variable  a  character  as 
the  pappus  proves  to  be  in  this  genus  where  it  is  often  of  2  or  3  forms 
in  a  single  head. 

VIGUIERA  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:224  t.  379. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  depressed  hemispheric  of 
dry  bracts  with  herbaceous  tips  imbricated  in  few  to  several  series. 
Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy;  scales  convex  or  conduplicate, 
embracing  the  achenes,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.  Achene  later- 
ally compressed,  more  or  less  pilose;  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns,  one 
each  to  the  dorsal  and  ventral  angles,  and  several  intermediate,  free 
or  connate,  truncate  scales,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Herbs  with 
medium  sized  heads  of  yellow  .flowers. 

Viguiera  helianthoides  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:  226,  t.  379. 

A  branching  herb,  with  glabrate,  striate,  stem  and  branches,  and 
opposite  and  alternate,  villose-petioled,  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or 


I2O 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


acuminate,  3  nerved,  entire  leaves,  hispid  above,  appressed  pilose 
or  silky  canescent  beneath.  Inflorescence  an  open,  leafy,  corymbose 
panicle  of  several  to  many  heads;  branches  sometimes  sparingly 
pubescent,  peduncles  pubescent  at  least  toward  the  summit.  Heads 
7-8  mm.  high,  2-2.5  cm-  broad,  ray  flowers  8-10,  disk  flowers  numer- 
ous. Involucral  bracts  in  2-3  series,  subequal,  lanceolate,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  linear,  spreading  tip,  hirsute,  especially  on  the  mar- 
gins and  tips.  Corollas  yellow,  ray  with  a  short  tube,  ligule  elliptic, 
6-8  mm.  long,  minutely  bidentate,  spreading;  disk  corollas  densely 
hirsute,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex,  becoming  obtuse  conoid;  scales 
oblong-ovate,  with  rigid,  acute  tips,  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk  flowers. 
Achene  black,  1.4x3  mm.  cuneate;  in  section  biconvex,  the  angles 
acute;  densely  covered  with  tawny,  stiff,  appressed  hairs;  pappus 

awns  2.2-3  mm.,  denticulate,  the 
intermediate  scales  1.2  mm.,  usu- 
ally connate,  laciniate,  tawny, 
marked  with  dark  purple. 

Hab. — Suburbs  of  Merida,  Jan. 
14,  1865,  Schott  190;  Cozumel  1886, 
Gaumer  (Oliver);  abundant  near 
Merida,  Valdez  // ;  "herb  2  to  5 
feet  high,  very  abundant  in  old 
fields  about  Izamal  and  Xcholac, 
Oct.  to  May,"  Gaumer  502,  557, 
Chichankanab  1814,  Calotmul  1815; 
Ticui,  Feb.  18,  1903;  Cw.c.  et.  Ed. 
Seler  3863,  Chichen  Itza,  Mch. 
2I>  i9°3,  4003. 

Yucatan  specimens  vary  from 
the  typical  form  in  having  smaller 
heads,  narrower  tipped  involucral 

bracts;  achenes  more  densely  pilose  and  intermediate  scales  of  the 
pappus  nearly  always  completely  connate.  The  under  surface  of  the 
leaves  is  more  softly  canescent  than  usual  in  other  specimens. 

Called  TAH,  "Torch  brush,"  by  the  Mayas  and  used  by  them  as  a 
pectoral  in  chronic  coughs. 

HELIANTHUS  L.  Sp.  PL,  904.' 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  depressed,  of*herbaceous 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  plane  or  convex, 
chaffy;  scales  subtending' the  perfect  flowers.  Achenes  laterally  com- 
pressed; pappus  of  2  deciduous  scales  or  awns.  Annual  or  perennial 
herbs  with  large  showy  heads  of  yellow  rays  and  (in  our  species) 
purple  disk. 

Helianthus  animus  L.  Sp.  PL,  904. 

A  robust  annual,  branched  above,  with  stout,  hispid  stem  and 
alternate  (except  the  lowest),  petioled,  ovate,  acute,  dentate,  3  nerved 
leaves;  rough-hispid  on  both  sides.  Inflorescence  of  solitary  heads 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAJSME  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         121 


on  stout,  rough  peduncles,  subcernuous.  Heads  2  cm.  high, 
cm.  or  more  broad;  ray  flowers  20-30,  disk  flowers  numerous, 
lucral  bracts  subequal  in  3-4 
series,  ovate,  long-acuminate, 
hispid-ciliate,  loose  and  spread- 
ing. Rays  yellow,  tube  very 
short,  ligule  elliptic,  3-6  cm. 
long,  entire,  spreading;  disk 
corollas  dilated  and  hirsute  be- 
low, limb  brownish  purple,  5 
lobed.  Receptacle  convex,  de- 
pressed in  the  center;  scales 
dark  purple,  keeled,  acuminate, 
3  dentate.  Achenes  slate  color, 
4-5  x  8-10  mm.,  obovate-oblong; 
in  section  rhombic;  appressed 
villous,  more  dense  at  the  sum- 
mit; pappus  of  2  purple,  denticu- 
late, chaffy  scales,  caducous. 

Hab. — Campo,  suburbs  of  Uman,  escaped  from  cultivation, 
1887,  Millspaugh  32. 

Called  GIRASOL,  FLOR  DE  SOL,  HELIANTO,  and  MIRASOL, 
Yucatecans. 


10-15 
Invo- 


April, 
by  the 


AMELLUS  P.  Br.  Jam.  PL,  317  excl.  syn.  «0/z  Linn. 

Heads  (in  our  species)  homogamous,  discoid,  flowers  perfect, 
fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  depressed  hemispheric  of  subequal  herba- 
ceous bracts,  imbricated  in  2-3  series.  Receptacle  convex  or  conoid, 
chaffy;  scales  concave,  enfolding  or  subtending  the  disk  flowers,  per- 
sistent on  the  receptacle.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  4  angled, 
hard;  pappus  of  2-8  distinct,  setiform  caducous  bristles.  Herbs  with 

inconspicuous  heads  of  white  flow- 
ers; anthers  black. 

Amellus    niveus    (L.)    Ktz.  Rev. 

Gen.  PI.,  i  :3o6. 
Bidens  nivea  L. 

A  perennial  herb  with  4-angled, 
scabrous  stem  and  branches,  and 
opposite,  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate 
usually  hastately  lobed,  serrate, 
hispid  leaves.  Inflorescence  of 
solitary,  long-peduncled,  terminal 
and  axillary  heads;  peduncles  slen- 
der, compressed,  hispid.  Heads 
7-10  mm.  high,  12-15  mm.  broad, 
many  flowered.  Involucral  bracts 
appressed,  ovate,  the  outer  sub- 
acute,  inner  abruptly  acuminate,  clothed  with  stiff  white  hairs  arising 
from  a  swollen  base.  Corolla  white,  limb  cylindrical,  elongated  5 


122 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


lobed.  Receptacle  convex,  becoming  conoid;  scales  oblanceolate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  rigid,  striate,  hispid  on  the  mid-nerve  and  at  the 
summit.  Achene  mottled  light  and  dark  brown,  1.5  x  3  mm.,  cuneate; 
in  section  lozenge-shape;  the  truncate  summit  densely  pubescent  and 
bordered  by  a  minute,  fimbriate  margin;  pappus  bristles  2-4,  .5-2  mm. 
long,  always  fallen  from  the  mature  achene. 

Hab. — Merida,  May  30,  1865,  Schott  164  {Melanthera  hastata 
Michx.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:395);  on  the  beach  rifear  the  Lagoona 
Colombia,  Cozumel,  Jan.  7,  1895,  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  ji,  scrub 
lands  about  Izamal,  Jan.  775  (Amellus  aspera  Ibid.  1 1323);  sunny  hills, 
March  n,  1903,  C<zc.  et  Ed.  Seler  3928;  Cozumel,  1885,  1886; 
Gaumer  (Oliver  Amellus  aspera  Ibid.  1 152) ;  "herb,  6  feet  high,  abundant 
in  old  fields,  July  to  March,  Izamal,  Gaumer  404,  Chichankanab  1492, 
1747,  San  Anselmo  1748;  "open  dry  ground,  center  of  the  Island  of 
Cozumel,"  Millspaugh  PL  Utowance  1545,  old  fields  near  Progreso,  1723. 

SPILANTHES  Jacq.  Enun.  PI.  Carib.,  8. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate,  fertile,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular  (or  homogamous,  rays  wanting). 
Involucre  wide  campanulate,  of  subequal  bracts  imbricated  in  2  series. 
Receptacle  convex  or  elongated,  chaffy;  scales  complicate,  loosely 
enfolding  the  achenes  and  deciduous  with  them.  Achenes  of  ray  flow- 
ers dorsally  compressed,  3  angled,  of  disk  flowers  laterally  compressed; 
angles  ciliate;  pappus  of  2  or  3  slender  awns  or  bristles  or  none. 
Annual  herbs  with  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 


Achene  ciliate  on  the  angles 

hyaline  ciliate  on  the  angles 


filipes 
uliginosa 


Spilanthes  uligniosa  Swartz,  Prod.,  no. 

A  branching  perennial  with  short  petioled,  oval-oblong,  scabrous 

leaves  and  solitary  heads  on  slender, 
sparsely  pubescent  peduncles,  4-7 
cm.  long.  Heads  in  our  specimens 
4  mm.  high,  5  mm.  broad;  rays 
5-6,  disk  flowers  numerous.  In- 
volucre turbinate,  bracts  imbricated 
in  2  series  subequal,  appressed, 
ovate,  acute,  sparsely  glandular- 
pubescent.  Rays  2  mm.  long, 
spreading,  orange  yellow,  broadly 
oblong,  2-3  dentate  or  subentire; 
disk  flowers  orange.  Receptacle 
awl-shaped;  scales  2.7  mm.  con- 
duplicate  and  keeled  below,  plane 
at  the  summit,  obtuse,  orange 
tipped,  pubescent  above,  loosely 

clasping  the  achene  and  falling  with  it.  Achene  black,  .7  x  1.3  mm., 
obovate-oblong ;  in  section  unsymmetrically  biconvex,  the  angles  prom- 
inent; angles  with  a  pale  cartilaginous  border  which  dissolves  into  stiff 
hairs  forming  a  ciliate  margin,  a  tuft  of  similar  hairs  on  the  sides  near  the 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS 


SPILANTHES  FILIPES. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         123 

summit,  achene  otherwise  glabrous  pappus  of  2  slender  awns,  the  ventral 
.4-. 5  mm.  long,  the  dorsal  often  obscured  among  the  marginal  hairs. 
Hab. — Roadside  in  woods,  between  Ditasand  Piste,  March  3,  1903, 
Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler,  3976,  depauperate  specimens. 


Spilanthes  filipes  Greenman  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  35:314. 

Herbaceous:*  stems  erect  or  rarely  repent  at  the  base,/ra?/y  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  j  to  4  dm.  high,  rather  sparsely  pubescent  with  jointed 
hairs,  striate:  leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  j>  nerved  from  near  the  base,  ovate 
to  oblong  lanceolate,  including  the  petiole  2.5  to  6  cm.  long,  .  8-2  cm.  broad, 
obtusish,  submucronate,  crenate-dentate,  narrowed  rather  abruptly,  or  e.ven 
attenuate  at  the  base  into  a  ciliated  petiole,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  on  the  midrib  and  lateral  nerves  beneath; 
heads  radiate,  4  to  5  mm.  high  (elongating  at  maturity  to  6  or  7  mm.), 
nearly  or  quite  as  broad,  borne  on  long  slender  (5  to  10  cm.  \o\\g)  pedun- 
cles which  either  terminate  the  stems  and  branches  or  spring  from  the  upper 
axils;  involucral  scales  oblong-ovate,  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  slightly  acuminate, 
acute,  inconspicuously  ciliate;  ligules  about  5,  yellow,  including  the  tubular 
portion  4  mm.  in  length,  3  dentate;  achenes  of  ray  flowers  triangular; 
flowers  of  the  disk  2.5  mm.  long,  corollas  5  lobed ;  achenes  black  and 
shining,  laterally  compressed  bearing  two  minute  very  slender  pappus  awns, 
.2-.  6  mm.  long,  achene  ciliated  on 
the  angles,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on 
each  face,  at  maturity  about  i  mm.  in 
length  (.6-7x1.2  mm.);  in  section 
biconvex  with  keeled  angles, 
achenes  of  ray  flowers  3  keeled; 
receptacle  cylindrical,  elongated ; 
palea  rounded  or  subtruncate,  usually 
dentate,  at  the  apex. 

Collected  by  Dr.  G.  f.  Gaumer  in 
Yucatan,  1896,  No.  1122.  In  general 
appearance  S.  filipes  most  resemble  S. 
ramosa  Hemsl.,  but  it  differs  mate- 
rially by  having  much  larger  leaves, 
smaller  heads  and  stricter  habit. 

Hab. — Moist  soil  of  pathway 
to  Cedral,  Cozumel,  Jan.  5,  1895, 

Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  43  {Spilanthes  JSeccabunga  Field  Col.  Mus. 
Bot.  1:53);  "Herb,  2  feet  high,  common  in  the  forests  of  Buena  Vista 
Xbac,  August"  Gaumer  1122  (type),  Chichankanab  1257,  1465,  2185, 
Izamal  2302;  open  grassy  places  near  San  Miguel,  Cozumel  Millspaugh 
PI.  Utowantz  1494  {Spilanthes  Beccabunga  Ibid.  2:108);  Gaumer  (1896) 
in  Hb.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus. 

The  two  specimens  from  the  island  of  Cozumel,  Millspaugh 
Armour  Exped.  43  and  Millspaugh  PI.  Utowance  1494,  show  decumbent 
bases,  but  otherwise  no  distinction  from  the  erect  forms. 


*Dr.  Greenman's  original  description  and  notes  are  given  in  italics,  additional  description  and 
notes  in  body  type. 


124 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


SALMEA  DC.  Cat.  Hort.  Monsp.,  140. 

Heads  homogamous,  discoid;  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Involucre  short  campanulate  of  subherbaceous  bracts,  imbricated  in 
few  series,  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  convex,  conic  or  elongated, 
chaffy;  scales  complicate,  enfolding  the  achenes  and  falling  with  them. 
Achene  laterally  compressed ;  pappus  of  2  unequal  awns,  continuous 
with  the  margins  of  the  achene.  Erect  or  reclining  shrubs  with  small 
corymbose  panicled  heads. 

Salmea  Gaumeri  Greenman  sp.  nov. 

Shrub:*  Stems  striate,  hirsute-pubescent  above,  the  older  stems  covered 
with  a  grayish  white  bark,  and  rather  numerously  dotted  with  lenticels; 
leaves  opposite,  petiolate;  petioles  I  cm.  or  less  in  length,  hirsute-hispid;  the 
blade  oblong-ovate,  5  to  7  cm.  long,  3  to  4  cm.  broad,  subcordate  to  rounded 
at  the  base,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  often  mucronulate,  tuberculate 
#r  hispid  on  the  upper  surface,  grayish  or  brownish  tomentose  beneath,  the 
midrib  above  subappressed  hirsute:  inflorescence  in  a  terminal  cymose  pani- 
tle:  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  small,  7  mm.  high,  5  mm.  or  less  in  diame- 
ter, about  15  flowered;  involucre  2-3  seriate; 
scales  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent;  corolla  erect; 
receptacle  convex,  scales  subacute,  erose- 
denticulate  at  the  summit:  achenes  (none 
mature  in  our  specimen^),  brown,  cune- 
ate,  apex  obliquely  truncate,  i  x  2.5  mm., 
glabrotis  or  nearly  so;  pappus  unequal  1-2.5 
mm.,  long,  the  outer  (longer)  awn  bearing 
a  wing  narrowly  continuous  on  the  achene. 

Collected  by  G.  F.  Gaumer,  M.D., 
in  forests  8  miles  south  of  Izamal,  Yucatan, 
October,  1895,  No.  977.  Type  specimens 
in  field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago, 
III.,  and  in  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Cam- 
bridge. 

This  species  with  Salmea  curviflora  R. 

Br.  and  its  well-marked  variety  S.  curviflara  R.  Br.  var.  glabrata 
{Otopappus  curviflorus  Hemsl.,  var.  glabratus  Coulter  Bot.  Gaz.  2O:jo) 
constitute  a  well-defined  section  of  the.  genus  Salmea.  from  S.  curviflora 
however,  the  present  proposed  species  may  be  distinguished  by  the  leaves  being 
#vate-oblong,  instead  of  ovate-acuminate,  and  by  the  shorter,  blunter,  and 
more  pubescent  involucral  scales. 

Hab. — "Shrub,  20  feet  high,  not  common,  in  forest  8  miles  south 
of  Izamal,  October;  flowers  white,  very  aromatic,"  Gaumer 5777  (type). 

ENCELIA  Adans,  Fam.,  2:128. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular  (or  rays  sometimes  wanting).  Invo- 
lucre hemispheric  or  wide  campanulate  of  herbaceous  bracts,  imbri- 


*Dr.  Greenman's  original  description  and  notes  are  given  in  italics,  additional  description  and 
notes  in  body  type. 


SALMEA  GAUMERI. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS. 


LIBRARY 
UNIV£RSi°T7ofEJLL!.NO!S. 


ENCELIA  CHASE>E. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^;  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         125 

cated  in  2-3  series.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy;  scales  concave, 
enfolding  or  clasping  the  achenes,  deciduous.  Achene  laterally  flat- 
tened, margins  thin,  not  winged;  pappus  (in  our  species)  of  2  rigid 
awns.  Herbs,  or  shrubby,  with  rather  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Encelia  Chaseae  Millsp.  sp.  nov.* 

An  erect,  branching  herb,  with  terete,  striate,  hispid  stem,  and 
branches,  and  alternate,  deltoid-ovate  (or  upper  lanceolate)  acuminate, 
•dentate,  hispidulous  leaves,  abruptly  tapering  into  a  short,  usually 
wingless  (never  auricled)  petiole  or  the  upper  sessile.  Inflorescence 
•of  solitary  heads,  terminal  and  axillary;  peduncles  striate,  glandular, 
hispid,  with  spreading  white  hairs.  Heads  12-14  mm-  high,  2.4  cm. 
broad  (when  rays  are  present),  ray  flowers  8-10  or  wanting,  disk  flow- 
«ers  numerous.  Involucre  wide-campanulate,  bracts  erect,  subrigid,  in 
2  series,  glandular-hispid,  the  outer  shorter,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
inner  striate,  long  acuminate.  Ray  corollas  yellow,  ligule  elliptic, 
bidentate,  4-7  mm.  long,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
cylindrical,  inflated  below,  5  lobed.  Receptacle 
slightly  convex;  scales  broad,  conduplicate,  erose- 
denticulate,  mucronate,  hispidulous  on  the  keel, 
loosely  enfolding  the  achenes  and  deciduous  with 
them.  Achene  slatey  brown,  often  mottled  with  a 
darker  shade,  3.6-4x6-6.5  mm.;  in  section  subcon- 
cavo-convex;  obovate,  subcordate  at  the  summit, 
laterally  much  compressed,  with  a  thin,  ciliate  margin, 
appressed  pilose  or  the  outermost  nearly  glabrate ;  awns 
usually  unequal,  denticulate-ciliate,  .7-2.2  mm.  long. 
Hab.: — Ruins  of  Kobah,  Nov.  26,  1865,  Schottyii; 
"herb,  5  feet  high,  common  at  Izamal,  Oct."  Gaumer 
910,  Chichankanab  2045,  San  Anselmo  204.6. 

Our  specimens  differ  from  E.  Mexicana  in  having 
leaves  never  lobed,  on  petioles  never  auricled ;  heads  larger,  rays  much 
smaller,  paler,  often  none;  achenes  nearly  a  third  larger,  but  in  color, 
shape,  pubescence  and  awns  very  similar  to  E.  Mexicana.  No.  4602 
Pringle  Tequila,  Jalisco,  referred  to  by  Robinson  and  Greenman  (Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  29:388)  under  Encelia  Mexicana  Mart,  closely  approaches 
our  Yucatan  specimens  and  has  achenes  intermediate  between  those 
of  our  specimens  and  those  of  Mexicana.  Concerning  Pringle  4602 
Robinson  and  Greenman  add:  "While  different  forms  of  this  species 
certainly  show  striking  differences  in  the  features  mentioned  (unlobed 
leaves,  petioles  not  auricled,  larger  heads,  and  elongated  involucra.1 
bracts)  a  series  of  specimens  show  that  these' characters  vary  quite 
independently  of  each  other,  forming  various  combinations,  so  that 
varieties  based  upon  them  could  have  little  more  than  formal  value." 

PLAGIOLOPHUS  Greenman  gen.  nov. 

"(Verbesinae.)     Heads  homogamous,  several  flowered.     Involucral 
bracts  2-3  seriate,  the  outer  series  longer,  foliaceous,  and  spreading. 


a      *For  Mrs.  Agnes  Chase,  whose  careful  drawings  illustrate  this  publication. 


126 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Receptacle  short,  conical:  Corollas  equal,  regular,  with  slender  tube 
ampliated  above  into  a  5-toothed  limb.  Pappus  of  two  unequal  awns 
and  one  or  more  intermediate  laciniate  scales.  Anthers  slightly  sagit- 
tate at  the  base,  appendaged  at  tRe  apex.  Achenes  obovate  or  oblong 
cuneate,  contracted  above  into  a  short  outwardly  curved  neck,  the 
outer  narrower,  obtusely  angled,  and  with  a  more  or  less  reduced  pap-^ 
pus,  the  inner  strongly  compressed  laterally  and  winged.  Leaves 
opposite.  Heads  of  medium  size,  terminating  the  stems  and  branches 
on  rather  long  slender  peduncles.  Diffusely  branched  herbs,  slightly 
woody  at  the  base,  the  affinity  of  which  is  with  Wedelia  and  Zexmenia. 
The  generic  name  is  taken  from  rr/ia^:«?  and  A<ty>«c  in  reference  to  the 
peculiar  oblique  or  slightly  curved  nature  of  the  neck  or  constricted 
portion  of  the  achene." 

Plagiolophus  Millspaughii  Greenman  sp.  nov. 

Diffusely*  branched  from  the  base;  stems  about  4.5  dm.  or  more  high, 
hirsute  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-acuminate,  I  to  j.j"  cm,  long,  about 
one-half  as  broad,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  subentire 
or  crenate- dentate )  j  nerved,  oppressed  pubescent  above,  later  becoming  some- 
what tuberculate-hispid,  appressed  canescent  beneath;  petioles  j  to  10  mm. 
in  length;  heads  erect  or  sometimes  nodding  6-7  mm.  high,  I  cm.  or  less  in 
diameter,  about  40  flowered;  involucral  bracts  appressed  pubescent,  the 
outer  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  exceeding  the  disk;  inner  ovate, 
acute,  ciliolate,  erect;  corolla  white;  receptacle  short  conoid  some- 
what lengthened  at  maturity ;  palea 
acute,  pubescent  at  the  summit; 
the  outer  achenes  slightly  or  not  at  all 
winged,  more  or  less  obtusely  angled 
and  hirtellous  roughened,  the  inner 
bearing  a  rather  prominent  cartilagi- 
nous ciliated  wing;  the  inner  awn  of 
the  pappus  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
outer.  Achenes  heteromorphous, 
brown,  excluding  wings  and  pappus 
1-1. 2x2.1  mm. ,  cuneate ;  in  section 
unsymmetrically  biconvex;  the 
outer  achenes  less  compressed  than 
the  inner,  wingless  or  nearly  so, 
corky-tuberculate  roughened,  hir- 
tellous toward  the  summit,  pappus 
awns  reduced  to  the  length  of  the  laciniate  scales;  inner  achenes 
showing  gradation  from  characters  given  to  nearly  smooth  achene  with 
wings  .5-.  7  mm.  wide,  and  unequal  pappus  awns  1-2  mm.  long. 

Collected  by  Dr.  G.  F.  Gaumer  near  Izamal,  Yucatan,  August  to 
September,  1895,  No.  792,  and  at  Buena  Vista  Xbac,  April  1896,  No. 
1055;  Sayi  in  cornfields,  Mch.  4,  1903,  Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler  3895. 

In  general  habit  the  above  species  bears  a  resemblance  to  Zexmenia 


*In  italics  are  given  Dr.  Greenman's  description  and  notes,  additional  descriptive  matter  and 
notes  are  given  in  roman.    The  generic  description  is  Dr.  Greenman's. 


PLAGIOLOPHUS  MILLSPAUGHII. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS. 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS 


ZEXMENIA  HISPIDA  RAMOSSIMA. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         127 


hispida   Gray;  and  in  its  involucral   characters  it  is  quite  similar  to  the 
West  African  species  Eleutheranthera   dorsuosa   Klatt.      From  the  latter 
genus,   hmvever,  our  plant   differs    materially   by  the  presence   of    distinct 
apical  appendages  to  the  anthers;  and  in  the  oblique  neck  of  the  achene. 

Hab.  —  "Herb,  18  inches,  abundant  in  open  places  near  Izamal, 
Jan.  to  Dec."  Gaunter  400  (Tridax  procumbens  canescens  Field  Col. 
Mus.  Bot.  1:325),  "herb,  4  feet  high,  flowers  white,  common  in  old 
fields,  Aug.  to  Sept."  Izamal,  792,  common  in  open  forests  Buena 
Vista  Xbac,  April,  1053  (type),  San  Anselmo 


ZEXMENIA  Llav.  et  Lex.  Nov.  Veg.  Desc.,  1:13. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  Hgu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  wide  campanu- 
late  of  subequal  bracts,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  outer  herbaceous, 
inner  dry.  Receptacle  plane  or  convex,  chaffy;  scales  complicate, 
embracing  the  disk  flowers.  Achenes  in  Sec.  Wedelioides:  hetero- 
morphus,  winged  or  wingless,  constricted  into  a  neck,  pappus  of 
laciniate  scales  connate  into  a  crown,  the  bristles  not  apparent;  in 
Sec.  Lipochceta:  dimorphous,  wingless,  3  angled  and  3  awned  or  com- 
pressed 4  angled  and  2  awned,  apex  truncate;  pappus  of  slender  scab- 
rous awns  and  minute  intermediate  scales,  connate.  Perennial  herbs 
or  slender  shrubs  with  rather  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Zexmenia  hispida  ramosissima  Greenman  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

An  erect,  perennial  herb  with  repeatedly  forking,  terete,  slender, 
hispid  branches  and  opposite,  rhombic-lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves 
tapering  into  a  hispid-ciliate  petiole,  irregularly  dentate,  tuberculate- 
hispid  above,  paler,  less  harshly  pubescent  beneath.  Inflorescence  of 
solitary  or  2  or  3  loosely  clustered  heads,  terminating  the  numerous 
branches  or  in  the  upper  axils;  peduncles  slender,  subflexuous,  hispid 
with  spreading  hairs.  Heads  8  mm.  high,  2-2.5  cm-  broad,  ray  flow- 
ers 8-10,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucre  campanulate,  bracts  in  2 
series  of  5  each,  appressed,  with  loose  or  spreading  tips,  the  outer 
longer,  herbaceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tuberculate-hispid,  espe- 

cially at  the  base  ;  inner  membrana- 
ceous  oblong,  abruptly  acuminate, 
hispid  at  the  summit.  Corollas 
orange  yellow,  ray  with  short  tube, 
ligule  elliptical,  8-10  mm.  long, 
minutely  bidentate,  spreading;  disk 
corollas  cylindrical,  5  lobed,  pubes- 
j-  cent.  Receptacle  slightly  convex; 
'  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent- 
fimbriate  at  the  summit.  Achenes 
heteromorphous,  those  of  ray  flow- 
ers black  with  stramineous  or  dark 

wings  (including  wings  and  pappus  3.7x5  mm.  obcordate),  achene 
proper  1.8  x  4.  5  mm.  ;  in  section  depressed  3  sided,  the  dorsum  convex, 
ventral  angle  rounded;  narrowly  obovate,  constricted  into  a  short 
neck,  dorsally  compressed,  the  lateral  angles  bearing  wings  i  mm. 


128 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


wide,  usually  somewhat  involute  at  the  sides,  the  ventral  angle  corky 
ridged;  pappus  of  minute,  laciniate  scales  forming  a  crown  5  mm. 
high;  inner  achenes  3  sided,  smooth,  narrowly  winged;  or  innermost 
brown,  4  sided,  cuneate,  wingless  and  corky-r.uberculate,  hirtellous, 
neck  and  pappus  as  in  the  outer  achenes. 

Hab. — Tekanto,  Feb.  27,  Stone  191;  "herb,  3  feet  high,  abundant 
in  old  fields  near  Izamal,  Sept.  to  Nov."  Gaumer  4iob  (Wedelia 
hispida  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  i  :326),  826  (type)  (Zexmenia  hispida 
Ibid.),  2501,  San  Anselmo  2005. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  ZAHUM,  meaning  an  herb  to  fatten  cattle. 

Zexmenia  Costaricensis  Benth.  ex  Oerst.  in  Kjoeb.  Vidensk. 
Meddel.,   95. 

A  slender  stemmed,  more  or  less  climbing  or  reclining  shrub,  with 
ashy  bark  bearing  prominent  lenticels,  divaricate  branches,  and  oppo- 
site, short-petioled,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  serrate,  his- 
pid leaves.  Inflorescence  of 
umbellate-cymes  of  3-15  heads, 
terminating  the  branches;  pe- 
duncles slender,  subflexuous,  be- 
coming rigid,  puberulent.  Heads 
8-10  mm.  high,  3-3.2  cm.  broad, 
ray  flowers  8-15,  disk  flowers 
numerous.  Involucral  bracts  in 
2  series,  appressed,  oblong,  ab- 
ruptly acute,  the  outer  longer, 
puberulent,  ciliate.  '  Corollas 
bright  lemon  yellow,  ray  flowers 
with  short  tubes,  ligules  elliptic 
oblong,  obtuse,  10-12  mm.  long, 
spreading;  disk  corollas  nerved, 
5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex;  scales  acuminate,  rigid.  Achenes  fus- 
cous, narrowly  cuneate:  of  ray  flowers  1.2x5-5.2  mm.;  in  section 
sharply  3  angled,  the  dorsum  plane,  lateral  facets  concave;  hispidulous 
on  the  angles  above;  awns  3,  1.5-3  mm.;  the  ventral  longest;  disk 
achenes  1.7x5.7  mm.;  in  section  compressed  lozenge-shaped;  hispid- 
ulous on  the  angles,  at  least  the  ventral;  awns  2,  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Between  Guayalceh  and  Yumuo,  Oct.  2,  1865,  Schott  914; 
"a  shrubby  climber,  20  feet  high,  on  an  artificial  mound  8  miles 
southwest  of  Izamal,  Nov.,"  Gaumer  p6o,  962,  Chichankanab  2344, 
Calotmul  2350. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  ZACTAH,  "A  loom,"  the  woody  stems  having 
been  used  by  the  ancients  as  a  part  of  their  weaving  frames. 

VERBESINA  L.  Sp.  PI.,  901. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile  (or 
achenes  abortive) ;  ligulate  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Involucre  short  campanulate  of  subherbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in 
few  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy; 


t 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         129 

scales  complicate,  embracing  the  achene,  persistent  on  the  receptacle. 
Achene  laterally  compressed,  margins  winged;  pappus  of  2  slender, 
rigid  awns,  persistent  in  our  species.  Herbs  or  small  shrubs. 

Verbesina  gigantea  Jacq.  Ic.  PI.  Rar.,  1:17,  t.  175. 

A  simple  shrub  with  glabrate  stem  and  large,  alternate,  wing- 
petioled,  pinnately  parted  leaves,  sparsely  pubescent  above,  whitish 

tomentose  beneath.  Inflorescence 
a  broad,  compound,  terminal,  bract- 
eate  corymb,  branchlets  glabrate 
below,  tomentulose  toward  the  sum- 
mit; peduncles  hirsute-tomentulose. 
Heads  9  mm.  high,  6  mm.  broad,, 
ray  flowers  4-7,  disk  flowers  about 
20.  Involucral  bracts  in  2-3  series, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent, ciliolate,  the  outer  shorter. 
Ray  flowers  inconspicuous,  white, 
erect  or  spreading;  corollas  of  disk 
flowers  5  lobed.  Receptacle  min- 
ute, convex;  scales  rigid,  abruptly 
acuminate,  pubescent  at  the  sum- 
mit, as  long  as  the  disk  flowers. 
Achene  fuscous,  1.5x4-4.2  mm., 
narrowly  obovate,  long  attenuate  to  the  base ;  in  section  compressed 
lozenge-shaped ;  pubescent  except  the  attenuate  base,  margins  un- 
equally winged,  wings  .2-. 8  mm.  (usually  .2-. 5  mm.  in  our  speci- 
mens) more  or  less  ciliate;  awns  unequal,  slender,  erect  hispid, 
2.5-2.8  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Tizimin, March  28,  1866,  Schott  sine  num.  (Montanoa  gramli- 
flora?  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:395);  "common  in  waste  lands  and 
roadsides,  8  feet  high,  November,"  Gaumer  1143,  Calotmul  2201. 

UCACOU  Adans.  Fam.,  2:131. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong, 
of  few  subequal  bracts,  the  outer  i  or  2  often  foliaceous,  inner  dry. 
Receptacle  minute,  chaffy;  scales  membranaceous-scarious,  plane, 
subtending  the  d-isk  flowers.  Achenes  dorsally  compressed,  dimor- 
phous, those  of  the  rays  lacerate  winged  on  the  margins,  the  wings  at 
the  summit  united  with  the  stout  pair  of  awns  which  form  the  pappus; 
achenes  of  disk  flowers  wingless,  pappus  of  2  or  3  rigid  more  slender 
awns,  connate  at  the  base.  Annual  herbs  with  inconspicuous  heads 
clustered  in  the  axils. 

Ucacou  nodiflorum  (L.)  Hitchc.  Fl.  Baham.,  100. 

Verbesina  nodiflora  L. 

An  erect,  branching  herb,  with  strigose-hispid  stem  and  branches, 
and  opposite,  wing-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate, 
serrate,  strigose-hispid  leaves.  Inflorescence  of  clusters  of  i-several 


130 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,,  VOL.  III. 


heads,  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  or  terminal  on  the  branches. 
Heads  9-12  mm.  high,  5   mm.  broad,  about  15   flowered.      Involucral 
bracts  in  2  series,  at  first  erect, 
more   or  less   spreading  at    ma- 
turity,    oblong-lanceolate,     sub- 
acute,    striate,    the    outer     pair 
little  longer,  foliaceous  and  pu- 
bescent toward  the  summit,  inner 
glabrous.      Corollas  yellow;  rays 
inconspicuous,    ligule    1.5    mm., 
bidentate,  erect.  Receptacle  con- 
oid;     scales    oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  erose-denticulate  at  the 
summit.     Ray  achenes  slate  color 
with  stramineous  wings;  includ- 
ing wings  but  not  awns  2x3.8 
mm.;    oblong-obovate;    in    sec- 
tion   convexo-concave;    smooth, 
the     lacerate    wings     becoming 
corky-turgid  and  awned  at  ma- 
turity; apical  awns  stout,  hispidulous,  i  mm.  long;  disk  achenes  brown, 
1x3.8  mm.,   oblong-cuneate ;    in   section    subplano   convex;    covered 
with    irregular,  longitudinally  elongated  tubercles,  hispidulous;  awns 
2  or  3,  hispidulous,  the  middle   1-3  mm.   long  or  wanting,  lateral  4-5 
mm.  long. 

Hab. — Merida,  at  the  Quinta  del  Obispo,  Nov.  15,  1864,  Schott 
93  (Synedrella  nodiflora  Gaertn.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:397);  campo 
about  Izamal,  Jan.  23,  1895,  Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  183  Synedrella 
nodiflora  Gaertn.  Ibid.  1:54);  "herb  6-18  inches  high,  common  in  waste 
places  near  Izamal,  in  bloom  throughout  the  year,"  Gaumer  Jjp,  952 
(Synedrella  nodiflora  Gaertn.  Ibid.  1 1397)  Calotmul  1694,  Chichankanab 
2085,  San  Anselmo  2086. 

BIDENS  L.  Sp.  PI.,  831. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanulate  or  subhemi- 
spheric,  of  narrow  bracts  imbricated  in  2-3  series,  outer  herbaceous, 
connate  at  base,  inner  membranaceous.  Receptacle  plane  or  convex, 
chaffy;  scales  narrow,  plane,  subtending  the  disk  flowers.  Achenes 
dorsally  compressed,  somewhat  4  angled,  linear-oblong  in  our  species; 
pappus  of  2-4  rigid  persistent  awns.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or 
slender  shrubs. 


Awns  2: 

Achenes  spinulose 

Achenes  hirsute  on  the  margins 
Awns  4 


leitcantha. 

tereticaulis. 

bipinnata. 


Bidens  leucantha  (L.)  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  3:1719. 
Coreopsis  leucantha  L. 

Bidens pilosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  832  the  discoid  form? 
An  erect,  simple  or  branching  annual  with  4-sided  striate,  glabrate 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         131 


stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  petioled,  glabrate  leaves,  variously 
3-5   parted  (rarely  simple)  usually  acuminate,    serrate.      Inflorescence 

a  few  flowered  corymb,  peduncles 
striate,  minutely  pubescent,  becom- 
ing angled,  and  nearly  glabrous. 
Heads  (in  flower)  7  mm.  high,  20-23 
mm.  broad,  ray  flowers  about  5, 
disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucral 
bracts  in  2  series,  outer  shorter,  lin- 
ear spatulate,  puberulent,  ciliolate, 
spreading  at  the  tips;  inner  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  the  tips  blunt  and 
densely  short  pilose.  Ray  corollas 
white,  tube  short,  ligule  broadly 
oblong;  truncate  7  mm.  long, 
spreading;  disk  corollas  nerved,  5 
lobed.  Receptacle  convex:  scales 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly 
equaling  the  disk  flowers.  Achene 
dark  chestnut,  .7-.8x8-i3  mm.)  linear  oblong;  in  section  irregularly 
4  sided  or  innermost  3  sided;  impressed-striate,  the  surface  cellular 
and  sparsely  covered  with  tawny  tubercles,  each  bearing  a  spinule; 
awns  2,  retrorsely  barbed,  spreading  in  the  outer,  erect  in  the  inner 
achenes,  2  mm.  long.  The  inner  achenes  longer  and  less  spinescent 
than  the  outer. 

Hab. — Cozumel,  1885,  Gaumer  (Oliver)  (Bidens  pilosa  L.  Field 
Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:54);  campo  about  Izamal,  Jan.  23,  1895,  Millspaugh 
Armour  Exped.  170  (Bidens  Alausensis  Ibid.};  "herb,  4  feet  high,  very 
common  in  waste  lands,  flowers  pure  white,  Izamal,  Jan.  to  Dec." 
Gaumer  451,  "a  smaller  leafed  form,  2  feet  high,  abundant  at  the  port 
of  Silam,"  6j2,  Chichankanab  1469,  San  Anselmo  1771,  Silam  1892. 

A  species  exceedingly  variable  in  its  leaf  forms.  Achenes  some- 
times merely  spinulose,  the  tubercle  obsolete  or  indicated  by  a  pale 
spot,  the  spinules  rarely  obsolete.  This  species  is  given  by  authors  as 
being  radiate  or  discoid,  and  with  achenes  2-4  awned;  our  specimens 
all  have  conspicuous  white  rays  and  2-awned  achenes.  Bidens  pilosa 
L.  is  given  as  the  "discoid  form"  of  the  species  named  Coreopsis 
leucantha  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1282,  in  Kew  Index  and  Griseb.  Fl.  Br. 
W.  I.  373.  From  the  meager  description  given  by  Linnaeus  and 
uncertainty  as  to  his  type  it  seems  best  to  hold  our  plants  as  B.  leu- 
cantha, with  which  they  do  agree,  while  they  do  not  agree  with  B.  pilosa. 

Bidens  bipinnata  L.  Sp.  PI.,  832. 

An  erect,  simple,  or  branched  annual  with  obtusely  4  angled, 
glabrate  stem,  and  opposite,  long-petioled,  bipinnate,  thin,  acuminate, 
serrate,  minutely  pubescent  leaves.  Inflorescence  of  solitary,  terminal, 
and  axillary  long-peduncled  heads,  branches  and  peduncles  glabrous, 
striate,  becoming  sulcate.  Heads  (in  flower)  9  mm.  high,  12-15  mm- 
broad,  ray  flowers  about  5,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucre  glan- 


132 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


dular,  hairy  at  the  base,  bracts  in  2  series,  loose  and  spreading, 
outer  longer,  linear,  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  puberulent  at  the  acute 
tip.  Ray  corollas  yellow,  incon- 
spicuous, ligule  bidentate,  2-2.5 
mm.  long,  erect;  disk  corollas 
nerved,  5  lobed.  Receptacle  sub- 
convex;  scales  linear,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  disk  flowers.  Achenes 
brown  or  light  olive,  .8-1  x  10-17 
mm.,  linear-oblong,  slightly  taper- 
ing to  the  summit,  the  inner  erect 
or  curved  at  the  summit,  the 
outer  sublunate;  in  section  irregu- 
lar lozenge-shaped;  impressed  stri- 
ate,  the  surface  minutely  papil- 
late; inner  achenes  glabrate  below, 
sparsely  hispid  above,  the  outer 
densely  hispid;  at  the  apex  and 
often  at  the  base  of  the  achenes  is  a  tuft  of  delicate  gland  tipped  white 
hairs;  awns  4,  middle  one  erect,  the  others  divergent  or  deflexed, 
retrorsely  barbed,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Izamal,  Gaumer  2498,  2499,  2504. 

Bidens  tereticaulis  DC.  Prod.,  5:598. 

A  climbing  or  reclining  herb  with  terete,  glabrous  stem  and 
branches,  and  opposite,  slender-petioled,  3-5  parted,  acuminate, 
serrate,  nearly  glabrous  leaves.  Inflorescence  a  terminal  panicle  of 
opposite,  divaricate,  few-flowered  corymbs,  branchlets  and  peduncles 
slender,  terete,  little  striate,  glabrous.  Heads  (in  flower)  9  mm.  high, 
25-27  mm.  broad;  ray  flowers  5,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucre 
sparsely  pubescent  at  the  base,  bracts  in  2-3  series,  loose  and  spread- 
ing, acute,  outer  shorter,  linear; 
inner  linear-lanceolate.  Ray 
corollas  yellow,  tube  short,  ligule 
elliptic,  entire,  8-10  mm.  long, 
spreading;  disk  corollas  nerved, 
5  lobed.  Receptacle  plane ;  scales 
linear-oblong,  bearded  at  the 
obtuse  apex,  as  long  as  the  disk 
flowers.  Achenes  dark  brown, 
i-i.i  x  10-13  mm.,  linear-oblong, 
slightly  tapering  to  the  summit, 
the  inner  erect  or  nearly  so,  the 
outer  slightly  lunate;  in  section 
lozenge-shape;  impressed  stri- 
ate, the  surface  papillate-rugose, 
the  margins  tuberculate-hirsute, 
otherwise  glabrous;  awns  2,  sub- 
erect  in  the  inner,  diverging  or  subdeflexed  in  the  outer  achenes,  slen- 
der, retrorsely  barbed,  3-3.5  mm.  long. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         133 

Hab.  —  Merida,  Dec.,  1864,  Schott  145;  Tunkas,  March  3,  1890 
Stone  2400,  (in  Herb.  Acad.  Sci.,  Phil.);  "ascending  among  shrubbery 
like  a  vine,  producing  its  orange-yellow  flowers  in  October,  Izamal, 
Gaiimer  951,  San  Anselmo  2o£j,  Chichankanab  2084,  Field  Col.  Mus. 
Cat.  No.  57998. 


COSMOS  Cav.  Ic.,  1:9,  t.  14,  79. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  ray  flowers  neutral,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  subhemispheric,  of  mem- 
branaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  2  series,  connate  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  plane,  chaffy;  scales  plane  or  concave,  subtending  the 
disk  flowers.  Achene  4-5  angled,  little  or  not  at  all  compressed, 
narrow,  apex  attenuate  in  a  long  slender  beak  or  rarely  nearly  beak- 
less;  pappus  of  2-4  persistent  awns.  Herbs  with  large  and  showy 
heads  of  rose  color  or  purple  rays  (or  yellow  in  one  species). 

Cosmos  caudatus  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.,  4:240. 

A  tall,  branching,  annual,  with  glabrate  or  sparsely  hirsute,  terete, 
striate  stem  and  opposite,  ciliate-petioled,  twice-pinnatifid  leaves,  the 
segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  margins  entire  and  scabrate.  Inflor- 
escence of  solitary,  terminal  and  axillary,  long-peduncled  heads, 
peduncles  striate,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute.  Heads  (in  flower) 
9-10  mm.  high,  3-3.5  cm.  broad;  ray  flowers  about  8,  disk  flowers 
numerous.  Involucre  sparsely  pubescent  at  the  base,  the  outer  bracts 

herbaceous,  shorter,  linear-lance- 
olate, acute,  ciliolate,  loose  and 
spreading;  inner  membrana-, 
ceous,  pale-margined,  lanceolate, 
subacute,  at  first  erect,  some- 
what spreading  at  maturity.  Ray 
corollas  rose-purple,  tube  short, 
ligule  oblong,  3  dentate,  12  mm. 
long,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
yellow,  5  lobed.  Receptacle 
plane;  scales  lanceolate,  acute, 
glabrous,  as  long  as  the  disk 
flowers.  Achenes  dark  brown, 
1.5-1.6x15-29  mm.,  fusiform, 
tapering  into  a  slender  beak, 
much  elongated  in  the  inner 
achenes,  erector  slightly  curved; 
in  section  4  lobed;  scabrate,  the  beak  strongly  so;  awns  2,  slender, 
deflexed,  retrorsely  barbed,  3  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  uncommon  at  Izamal,"  Gaunter  940, 
Chichankanab  2075,  near  Merida  2505,  Calotmul,  Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat. 
No.  58001. 

Called  CHACXUL,  "Redtop,"  by  the  Mayas,  and  ESTRELLA  DE 
MAR,  "star  of  the  sea,"  in  Yucatec. 


'34 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


CALEA  L.  Sp.  PL,  Ed.  2:1179. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  or 
achenes  abortive,  ligulate;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular;  or 
heads  homogamous,  rays  wanting.  Involucre  ovoid  or  wide  cam- 
panulate  of  dry  bracts,  imbricated  in  several  series,  appressed,  outer 
gradually  shorter.  Receptacle  conic  or  convex,  chaffy;  scales  con- 
cave, embracing  the  disk  flowers.  Achene  subcompressed  laterally, 
base  attenuate;  pappus  of  5-20  scarious,  narrow,  rigid  scales.  Peren- 
nial herbs  or  shrubs. 


Pappus  of  oblong  scales  1.5  mm.  long 
Pappus  of  linear  scales  3.5-4  mm.  long 


Zacatechichi. 
axillaris  urticifolia. 


Calea  Zacatechichi  Shlecht.  Linnsea,  9:589. 

A  much  branched  shrub,  with  terete,  subglabrate  or  brown  pubes- 
cent stem  and  branches,  and  opposite,  short-petioled,  thick,  ovate, 
acute,  3-nerved,  reticulate-veined,  coarsely  crenate-serrate  (or  upper- 
most entire)  leaves,  hispid  on  the  upper  surface.  Inflorescence  of 
few-flowered,  irregular  cymes 
terminating  the  numerous  upper 
branches;  branchlets  and  pe- 
duncles brown  glandular-pubes- 
cent. Heads  10  mm.  high,  5-6  mm. 
broad,  about  12  flowered.  In- 
volucral  bracts  closely  appressed 
in  4-6  series,  broad,  obtuse,  the 
outer  successively  shorter  more 
or  less  glandular-puberulent,  the 
inner  faintly  striate.  Ray  flow- 
ers none,  corollas  of  disk  flowers 
yellow,  deeply  5  cleft.  Recep- 
tacle short-conoid ;  scales  cune- 
ate,  acute,  3-5  dentate,  deciduous 
with  the  achenes,  loosely  enfold- 
ing them.  Achenes  dark  brown,  .7x2.8  mm.,  oblong-conoid  with 
attenuate,  suboblique  base;  in  section  elliptical;  clothed  on  the  sides 
with  long,  fragile,  jointed  hairs,  dorsum  and  ventrum  glabrate  or 
nearly  so;  pappus  of  12-15  stramineous  plumose-laciniate,  oblong 
scales  1.2-1.7  mm- 

Hab. — Nohpat,  Nov.  24,  1865,  Schott  912. 

Called  TZICIN,  "unraveled,"  by  the  Mayas. 

Calea  urticifolia  (Mill.)  D.  C.  Prod.  5:674. 

Solidago  urticifolia  Mill. 

Shrubby,  with  terete  stem  and  branches,  brownish  villous,  at  least 
when  young,  and  opposite,  short-petioled,  rather  thick,  lanceolate-ovate, 
acuminate,  prominently  veiny,  crenate  leaves,  scabrate  above,  pubes- 
cent below.  Inflorescence  of  few-flowered,  irregular  cymes,  terminal 
and  axillary;  branchiets  and  peduncles  slender,  brown  pubescent. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         135 


Heads  10  mm.  high  16  mm.  broad,  ray  flowers  5-6;  disk  flowers 
30-40.  Involucral  bracts  in  5-6  series,  the  outermost  foliaceous,  bract- 
like,  spreading,  acute,  puberu- 
lent;  the  inner  appressed,  broad, 
/  obtuse,  membranaceous  with 
scarious  margins.  Rays  yellow, 
tube  slender,  ligule  oblong,  3 
dentate  or  subentire,  4-4.5  mm. 
long,  spreading;  disk  corollas  5 
lobed.  Receptacle  short  conoid  ; 
scales  narrow,  laciniate,  decidu- 
ous with  the  achenes,  but  not 
enfolding  them.  Achene  dark 
brown,  .6-. 7  x  2.7  mm.,  oblong- 
obconoid  with  attenuate,  sub- 
oblique  base;  in  section  elliptic j 
clothed,  except  the  base,  with 
long  weak  hairs ;  pappus  of  about 
20  stramineous,  narrow,  acu- 
minate, laciniate  scales,  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Shrubby  5-6  feet  high,  flowers  yellow,  Tunkas,  March  3, 
1890,  Stone  243,  245  (in  Herb.  Acad.  Sci.  Phil.);  "shrubby  15  feet 
high,  ascending  among  shrubs  in  the  brushlands  near  Izamal,  Gaumer 
956,  Chichankanab  2096,  San  Anselmo  2097 ;  Oitas,  open  sunny  places, 
Men.  17,  1903,  Cac.  et  Ed.  Seler  3960. 

TRIDAX  L.  Sp.  PL,  900. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  wide-campanu- 
late  or  subhemispheric,  of  herbaceous  bracts  Imbricated  in  few  series. 
Receptacle  plane  or  convex, 
chaffy;  scales  membranaceous, 
subtending  the  disk  flowers'. 
Achene  subterete;  villous;  pap- 
pus of  many  plumose-ciliate, 

slender,   acuminate   awns.      Per-    "^WS^tf         \  .         ;       ; 

ennial  herbs  with  long  peduncled 
heads  of  medium  size. 

Tridax    procumbens     L.   Sp. 

PL,  900. 

A  diffuse,  branching,  pubes- 
cent herb,  more  or  less  procum- 
bent at  the  base,  with  opposite, 
petioled,  lacerate-lobed,  hirsute 
leaves.  Inflorescence  of  solitary, 
long-peduncled  heads,  terminal 
and  axillary;  peduncles  slender, 
retrorsely  pubescent.  Heads  10  mm.  high,  12-15  mm.  broad,  ray 
flowers  about  5,  disk  flowers  numerous.  Involucral  bracts  in  2-3 


136 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


series,  the  outer  little  shorter,  ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent,  appressed, 
somewhat  spreading  at  maturity ;  inner  obtuse,  mucronate,  pubescent 
at  the  summit.  Ray  corollas  yellow,  tube  slender  pubescent,  ligule 
broadly  oblong,  3  lobed,  5  mm.  long,  pubescent  beneath,  ascending  or 
spreading;  disk  corollas  with  5  truncate,  ciliolate  lobes.  Receptacle 
convex ;  scales  oblong,  pubescent  at  the  abruptly  acute  tip,  equal- 
ing the  disk  flowers,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.  Achene  brown, 
.65-.  7x2  mm.,  cylindrical-obconoid;  in  section  obtusely  3  or  4  angled, 
the  facets  subconcave;  densely  pale  sericeous-pilose;  pappus  bristles 
about  20,  stramineous,  silky  plumose. 

Hab. — Campo  about  Izamal,  Jan.  23,  1895,  Millspaugh  Armour 
Exped.  218;  Yucatan,  loc.  ignot.,  Linden;  Cozumel,  1885,  Gaumer 
(Oliver);  common  near  Merida,  Valdez  89;  Feb.  n,  1903,  Ccec. 
et  Ed.  Seler  3821;  "herb  20  inches,  very  common  in  waste  places 
near  Izamal,  Jan.  to  Dec.  Gaumer  341,  Chichankanab  1566,  1745,  San 
Anselmo  1744. 

Abundant  throughout,  called  YERBA  SAN  JUAN  DEL  MONTE,  and 
used  in  domestic  medicine  as  a  refrigerant. 

FLAVERIA  Juss.  Gen.  PI.,  186. 

Heads  few  flowered;  heterogamous,  i  flower  pistillate  fertile, 
short  ligulate,  the  rest  perfect,  fertile,  tubular;  or  homogamous  all 
tubular,  or  heads  i  flowered,  ligulate  or  tubular,  aggregated  in  the 
same  glomerule.  Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  2-5  carinate-concave 
bracts.  Receptacle  minute,  naked.  Achene  subcompressed,  8-12 
ribbed ;  pappus  none.  Glabrous  herbs,  mostly  annuals. 


Achene  10  ribbed 
Achene  12  ribbed 


linearis. 
trinervata. 


Flaveria  linearis  Lag*  Gen.  et  Sp.  Nov.,  33. 

A  branching  herb,  with  striate  stem  and  branches,  and  opposite, 

sessile,  more  or  less  connate,  slightly  fleshy,  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  entire  leaves.  In- 
florescence a  dense  rounded  or 
flat-topped,  compound,  terminal, 
cyme;  branchlets  and  peduncles 
angled,  the  entire  inflorescence  a 
lurid  pale  greenish  yellow.  Heads 
short-pediceled,  6  mm.  high,  2.3-2.5 
mm.  broad,  5  or  6  flowered,  one 
ligulate.  Involucre  ovoid,  of  5  ap- 
pressed, lanceolate,  acute  bracts, 
connate  at  the  base.  Ray  corolla 
yellow,  tube  slender,  ligule  suborbic- 
ular,  2  mm.  long,  entire,  spreading 
or  recurved,  disk  corollas,  5  lobed. 
Receptacle  convex.  Achene  black, 
*t,  .45  x  2  mm.,  oblanceolate-oblong, 

rounded  at  the  summit;  in  section 

oval  in  outline,  10  angled;  angles  acute,  facets  concave ;  prominently 

10  ribbed,  glabrous. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         137 


Hab.  —  Celestun,  May  13,  1865,  Schott  408;  Cozumel,  1885,  Gaumer 
(Oliver);  "common  along  the  coast,"  Progreso,  Gaumer  1147,  Chi- 
chankanab  2203;  "a  very  robust  and  leafy  form  collected  in  an  open 
field  south  of  Progreso,"  Millspaugh  PL  Utowance  1652,  on  the  beach 
of  Perez  Island,  Alacran  Shoals 


Flaveria  trinervata  (Spr.)  Baill.  Hist.  PI.,  8:55. 

Oedera  trinervia  Spr.  Bot.  Gart.   Halle,  63  (1800). 

A  divergently  branched  annual,  with  striate  stem  and  branches, 
and  opposite,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  serrate,  3-nerved  leaves  with  a 
narrowed  petiole-like  base.  In- 
florescence of  dense  glomerules, 
sessile  in  the  forks  or  involucrate 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Heads  sessile,  4-5  mm.  high, 
i.2-j.5  mm.  broaa,  each  with  a 
single  flower,  that  of  the  outer 
heads  of  the  glomerule  pistillate, 
ligulate,  of  the  inner  perfect, 
tubular.  Involucre  oblong  of  2 
conduplicate,  oblong  obtuse 
bracts.  Corolla  tube  hirsute, 
ligule.5  mm  long;  limb  of  tubu- 
lar flower  campanulate,  5  lobed. 
Receptacle  minute.  Achene 
black,  .7x2.3  mm.,  oblanceolate, 
rounded  at  the  summit;  in  section  oval  in  outline;  prominently  12 
ribbed,  glabrous. 

Hab.  —  Downs  of  Progreso,  Dec.  1865,  Schott  973  {Flaveria  repanda 
Lag.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:395);  along  the  coast,  Progreso  and  Me- 
rida,  Gaumer  1147  in  part.  (Flaveria  repanda  Lag.  Ibid.},  Silam  1246, 
herb  2  feet  high,  common,  Chihankanab  /J77,  1483;  ditches  near 
Progreso,  Millspaugh  PL  Utowance  1653,  along  the  railroad  south  of 
the  lagoon  crossing,  Progreso,  1699,  1731  {Brottroa  trinervata  Pers. 
Ibid.  2  1109). 

HELENIUM  L.  Sp.  PL,  886. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile  or 
neutral,  ligulate;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
broad  and  short  of  linear  bracts  in  i  or  2  series,  spreading  or  reflexed. 
Receptacle  convex  to  subglobose,  naked.  Achene  not  compressed, 
turbinate,  ribbed;  pappus  of  5  to  8,  aristate  or  dentate  scales.  Herbs 
with  punctate,  bitter  leaves  and  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 


Pappus  of  aristate  scales  2-2.5  mm.  long 
Pappus  of  ecostate  scales  3  mm.  long 


tenuifolium. 
quadriden  tatum. 


Helenium  tenuifolium  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  7:66. 

An  erect,  branching  annual  with  sulcate,  glabrous,  resin  dotted 
stem,  peduncles  and  branches,  and  crowded,  alternate,  sessile,  linear 
punctate  leaves.  Inflorescence  of  solitary  long-peduncled  heads, 


'38 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


peduncles  naked,  slender,  sulcate,  glabrous.  Heads  resin  dotted,  8-10 
mm.  high,  30  mm.  broad;  disk  depressed  globose;  ray  flowers  6-8, 
fertile,  disk  flowers  numerous. 
Involucral  bracts  soon  reflexed, 
in  2  series,  the  outer  twice  the 
length  of  the  inner,  linear,  acute, 
punctate  like  the  leaves  and 
bearing  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  slightly  broadened  base  a 
prominent  thick  gland;  inner 
submembranaceous,  oblanceo- 
late,  acuminate,  erose-denticu- 
late,  a  gland  less  prominent  than 
those  of  the  outer  bracts  on  the 
inner  surface  at  the  broadest 
part.  Ray  corollas  yellow,  tube 
very  short,  ligule  cuneate,  3 
lobed,  1 2-14  mm.  long,  pubescent 
beneath,  spreading  or  drooping 
with  a  tendency  to  twist;  disk  corollas  5  lobed.  Receptacle  hemi- 
spheric. Achene  brown,  .9x1.4-1.5  mm.,  turbinate-obconoid,  apex 
truncate  in  section  hexagonal,  the  angles  rounded  the  facets  slightly 
concave,  a  minute  intermediate  angle  in  the  center  of  each;  densely 
clothed  on  the  main  angles  with  long,  stiff,  ascending,  tawny  hairs; 
pappus  of  6-7  long-aristate,  obovate  scales,  2-2.5  mm.  long. 
Hab. — Fields  near  Uman,  1887,  Millspaugh  23. 

Helenium  quadridentatum  Labill.  Act.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Par.,  1 122. 

An  erect,  branching  annual  or  biennial  with  sulcate  or  wing- 
angled,  glabrous  stems  and  branches,  and  alternate,  long-decurrent, 
glabrous,  punctate  leaves,  the  lower  incisely  pinnatifid,  the  upper 
lanceolate,  entire.  Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate,  peduncles  sul- 
cate, minutely  puberulent,  the  summit 
clavate.  Heads  10-12  mm.  high,  15-20 
mm.  broad,  disk  globose-ovoid;  ray 
flowers  about  10,  disk  flowers  nu- 
merous. Involucral  bracts  soon  re- 
flexed,  in  2  series,  the  outer  2-3  times 
the  length  of  the  inner,  linear,  acute, 
pubescent;  inner  hyaline,  linear, acute, 
pubescent  at  the  summit.  Ray  corol- 
las yellow,  tube  very  short,  ligule 
cuneate,  3  lobed,  7-8  mm.  long,  mi- 
nutely pubescent  and  resin  dotted 
beneath,  drooping;  disk  corollas  4 
lobed.  Receptacle  oblong-ovoid. 
Achene  reddish  brown,  -5X.7  mm., 
turbinate,  base  broad,  apex  truncate; 

in  section  orbicular,  obscurely  10 angled;  the  10  ribs  villous,  the  inter- 
nerves  sparingly  so;  pappus  of  4-6  roundish-oval,  ecostate,  erose- 
dentate  scales,  .3  mm.  long. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE. 


39 


Hab. — Common,  4  feet  high,  in  waste  places  about  Merida,  Valdez 
49;  Chichankanab  Gaumer  1349. 

The  name  MANZANILLA  is  applied  by  the  Yucatecs  to  many 
globular  headed  composite,  especially  to  this  and  other  Heleniums, 
Matricarias,  and  Anthemi.  The  flowers  of  H.  quadridentatum  are 
strongly  irritant  to  the  pituitary  membrane,  and  are  used  as  a  sternu- 
tatory. An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  stomachic 
colic;  and  the  seeds,  heated  for  a  considerable  time  in  olive  oil,  are 
employed  as  an  application  to  the  abdomen  of  children  in  abdominal 
colic. 

TAGETES  L.  Sp.  PL,  887. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of 
herbaceous  equal  bracts  in  i  series,  connate  nearly  to  the  summit. 
Receptacle  small,  naked,  alveolate  or  fimbrilose.  Achene  dorsally 
compressed,  linear;  pappus  of  3-6  firm,  unequal  scales,  one  or  more 
usually  produced  into  subulate  awns.  Strong-scented  herbs  commonly 
with  large  showy  flowers. 

Tagetes  patula  L.  Sp.  PL,  1249. 

An  erect,  branching  glabrous  herb  with  angled  stem  and  branches 
and  alternate,  sessile,  pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  divisions  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  bearing  copious  oil  glands,  sharply  serrate,  the 
serratures  of  the  upper  leaflets  produced  into  slender  bristles.  Inflor- 
escence of  solitary,  long-peduncled  heads,  terminal  and  axillary; 
peduncles  clavate  and  fistular  at  the  summit.  Heads  2.5-2.7  cm. 
high,  3.5  cm.  or  more  broad;  ray  flowers  (normally)  5,  disk  flowers 
about  50.  Involucre  ellipsoid-cylindrical  of  5  connate  acute  bracts 

longitudinally  marked  with  oil 
glands.  Ray  corollas  orange  yel- 
low, tube  long  and  slender,  ligule 
orbicular-obcordate,  1.2-1.5  cm- 
long,  spreading;  disk  corollas  cyl- 
indrical, 5  lobed.  Receptacle  short- 
conoid.  Achene  black,  1-1.2x9 
mm.;  narrowly  oblanceolate;  in 
section  unequally  biconvex,  each 
surface  concave  in  the  center; 
obscurely  striate,  hispidulous  on 
the  margins;  pappus  of  5  connate, 
maculate  scales,  the  3  ventral  trun- 
cate, short-fimbriate,  3-4  mm.,  the 
dorsal  pair  prolonged  into  subulate, 
hispidulous  awns,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Hab. — On  the  Teocali  of 
Kabah,  Nov.  26,  1865,  Schott  708;  Calcehtoh,  March  n,  1890,  Stone 
273  (in  herb.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.);  campo  about  Izamal,  Jan.  23,  1895, 
Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  179  (Tagetes  tenui folia  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot. 
1:54);  "herb  3  to  6  feet  high,  very  abundant  in  old  fields  about 


140 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Izamal,  Oct.  to  Nov.,"  Gaumer  476,  abundant  at  Tekax,  Sept.,  1129, 
Pocoboch  Field  Col.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  57892. 

The  heads  of  the  specimens  from  Tekax  {Gaumer  1129)  are  all 
"doubled";  that  is,  all  flowers  of  the  head  are  pistillate  and  ligulate, 
fertile. 

Called  "Xptmuc,"  by  the  Mayas.  "MACENAL  PUJUC"  and 
"XPUHUC  DE  MONTE"  are  local  names,  a  combination  of  Spanish  and 
Maya.  The  Maya  name  indicates  that  the  flowers  are  supposed  to 
resemble  a  woman  with  her  skirts  tucked  up. 

DYSODIA  Cav.  Anal.  Cienc.  Nat.,  6:334. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late; disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  campanulate  of 
subequal,  rigid-membranaceous,  bracts  in  i  series,  partially  connate, 
usually  with  a  series  of  loose  accessory  bracts.  Receptacle  subplane, 
naked,  short  nmbrillate.  Achene  subcompressed  dorsally,  finely  many 
striate;  pappus  of  10  rigid  scales,  each  resolved  into  several  unequal 
bristles,  and  (in  our  species)  an  outer  series  of  10  small  oblong  scales. 
Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  fetid  or  strong  scented. 

Dysodia  cancellata  (Cass.)  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  19:38. 

Lebetina  cancellata  Cass. 

An  erect,  glabrous,  branching,  perennial,  with  ribbed  stems  and 
branches,  and  alternate,  sessile,  pinnately-lobed  and  incised  leaves  bear- 
ing prominent  oil  glands.  Inflorescence  of  solitary  heads  terminating 
the  strict  branches,  peduncles'  ribbed,  bracteolate.  Heads  14-15  mm. 
high,  nearly  as  broad  or  in  fruit  broader,  ray  flowers  9-15,  disk 
flowers  numerous.  Involucre  with  a  series  of  loose  accessory  bracts, 
pectinately  setiferous;  involucral 
bracts  connate  one-half  their 
length,  bearing  below  the  acute 
tip  a  small  spinescent^  keel  en- 
closing an  oblong  oil  gland,  a 
pair  of  similar  glands  on  each 
bract  at  about  the  point  of  sepa- 
ration. Ray  corollas  deep  orange, 
tube  long,  slender,  ligule  oval, 
entire,  5  mm.  long,  erect  or  as- 
cending; disk  corollas  cylindri- 
cal, 5  lobed.  Receptacle  convex, 
becoming  short  conoid.  Achene 
grayish  brown,  .7  x  4. 3  mm.,  lin- 
ear-obconic ;  in  section  elliptic 
in  outline,  obscurely  5  sided; 
faintly  many  striate,  sparingly 
hispidulous  or  glabrous;  pappus  double,  outer  series  of  10  membran- 
aceous,  elliptic,  minutely  fimbriate  scales,  1-1.2  mm.;  inner  of  10 
scales  resolved  into  7-10  scabrous  unequal  bristles  2-7  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Merida,  Dec.  4,  1864,  Schott  78;  "herb  3  feet  high,  com- 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^ —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         141 

mon   in   open   places  near  Izamal   Sept.    to    Jan."    Gaumer  304,    San 
Anselmo  1584,    Calotmul  1586,  Chichankanab  1672. 

Called  by  the  Yucatecans  "CARDO  SANTO  DEL  MONTE." 

POROPHYLLUM  Vaill.   ex  L.    Hort.   CM.,   494. 

Heads    homogamous,    discoid,    flowers    perfect,   fertile,    tubular. 

Involucre  cylindrical  or  narrowly  campanulate  of  herbaceous,  equal 

bracts  in   i   series,   free   or  connate  at  the  base.  Receptacle  small, 

naked.     Achene  dorsally  compressed,  linear,  many  striate;  pappus  of 

copious  slender,  bristles  in   1-2   series.      Herbs  or  small  shrubs  with 
conspicuously  punctate  leaves  and  involucres. 

Achene  broadest  in  the  middle,  unribbed  macrocephalum. 

lower  third,  slightly  ribbed         Millspattghii. 

Porophyllum  macrocephalum  DC.  Prod.,  5:648. 

An  erect,  glabrous  annual,  branching  above,  with  terete,  striate 

stem  and  branches,   and  opposite,  slender  petioled,  broadly  elliptic, 

coarsely  crenate  leaves,  a  pellucid  gland 
at  the  apex  and  subtending  each  sinus, 
and  a  few  irregularly  disposed  on  the  leaf 
surface.  Inflorescence  of  solitary,  term- 
inal, and  axillary  heads  on  upwardly 
thickened  peduncles.  Heads  25  mm. 
high,  12  mm.  broad,  40-50  flowered. 
Involucre  cylindrical,  bracts  distinct, 
narrowly  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  scarious 
margined;  glands  dark,  linear,  biseriate. 
Corolla  greenish,  5  lobed.  Receptacle 
convex,  pitted,  fimbrillate.  Achene  dark 
brown,  .7x12  mm.,  linear  oblong, 
slightly  tapering  at  either  end;  in  sec- 
tion elliptical;  upwardly  hispid,  the  hairs 
longer  and  denser  toward  the  summit, 
finely  striate,  or  the  striations  obsolete  at 

maturity;  pappus  brown,  8  mm.  long,  hispidulous. 
Hab. — Izamal,  Gaumer  2510. 
Our  specimens   have  peduncles  less  conspicuously  thickened  than 

usual  in  this  species. 

Porophyllum  Millspaughii  Robinson,  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.,  2:109. 

Shrub*  or  undershrub;  stems  and  primary  branches  terete,  covered 
with  a  purplish  gray  smoothish  cortex',,  widely  and  dichotomously  forked 
(through  the  habitual  tendency  to  abortion  in  the  terminal  bud);  leaves  ellip- 
tical, rounded  at  both  ends,  coarsely  crenate  through  the  intrusion  on  each 
edge  0/2  or  j  shallow  bays,  membranaceous,  thin,  not  paler  beneath,  2.2  to 
J.J  cm.  long,  1.4  to  1.8  cm.  broad;  glands  intramarginal,  the  lateral 
lunate,  subtending  the  bays,  the  terminal  one  linear,  coincident  with  the 
apex  of  the  midnerve,  other  glands  upon  the  surface  of  the  leaf  wholly 


*Original  description  and  notes  in  italics. 


142 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


wanting,  or  rarely  a  few  present;  petioles  slender  5  to  10  mm.  long  - 
peduncles  1.3  to  1.8  cm.  long,  slender,  scarcely  thickened  upward;  invol- 
ucral  bracts  5,  oblong  linear 
1.2  cm.  long,  scarious  margined, 
usually  browned  at  the  tip,  gfrands 
dark,  linear,  usually  biseriate, 
heads  usually  nodding  in  anthesis; 
flowers  about  18,  greenish  white; 
corolla  p  mm.  long,  puberulent  upon 
the  outer  surface,  lobes  5,  acute, 
spreading;  receptacle  convex, 
pitted ;  achenes  purplish  black, 
somewhat  attenuate  and  (under 
a  lens)  upwardly  hispid  and  finely 
striate,  .5x8-9  mm.;  in  section 
elliptical;  pappus  of  copious, 
slender,  pale,  or  tawny,  hispid- 
ulous  bristles  5-7  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  obviously  related 
to  P.  Ervendbergii  Gray  and  P.  nummularium  DC.  It  is  distinguished, 
however,  by  the  absence  of  the  irregularly  distributed  superficial  glands 
which  are  present  on  the  leaves,  of  both  the  species  mentioned.  It  also  has 
somewhat  shorter  peduncles  and  larger  leaves. 

Hab. — Merida,  at  the  Quinta  del  Obispo,  Nov.  15,  1864,  Schott  81 
(Porophyllum  Ervendbergii  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:396);  "shrubby,  15 
feet  high,  common  in  the  brushlands  about  Izamal,"  Gaumer  523 
(Porophyllum  nummularium  Ibid.  1:325);  Progreso,  March  5,  1899,  Mills- 
•fraugh  PI.  Utowance.  1648  (type) ;  Merida,  scrubby  places  in  old  Hene- 
quen  plantations,  Feb.  n,  1903,  Ccze.  et  Ed.  Seler  3831,  and  sunny 
places  near  Oitas,  March  17,  3975. 

Schott  81  and  Gaumer  523  have  leaves  with  irregularly  disposed 
glands  in  addition  to  the  marginal  and  terminal  ones,  and  Millspaugh 
PI.  Utowance  1648,  the  type,  shows  one  leaf  with  3  of  these  smaller 
glands.  These  are  not,  however,  "superficial,"  but  thickened  like  the 
marginal  glands  and  emit  a  strong  smelling  oil  when  punctured. 

Called  by  the  Mayas  XPECHUEKIL;  referring  to  the  leaf  glands  in 
their  fancied  resemblance  to  the  indigenous  species  of  wood-ticks 
when  engorged  with  blood. 

PECTIS  L.  Syst.  Ed.,  10:1221. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  ligu- 
late;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  cylindrical  or 
campanulate,  of  herbaceous  equal  bracts  in  i  series,  free.  Receptacle 
small,  naked.  Achene  dorsally  compressed,  linear,  pappus  various: 
Sec.  Eupectis,  of  few  unequal  scales  or  awns;  Sec.  Pectothrix,  of 
numerous  capillary  bristles;  Sec.  Pectidium,  of  1-4  subulate  rigid 
corneous  awns.  Heavy  scented  herbs  with  small  heads. 


Pappus  of  thin  scales 

Pappus  of  slender  erect  bristles 

Pappus  of  rigid  divergent  awns 


Prostrata. 

Schottii. 

linifolia. 


POROPHYLLUM    MlLLSPAUGHII. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS. 


PECTIS  SCHOTTII 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.          143 


Pectis  prostrata  Cav.  Ic.,  4:12,  t.  324. 

A  low,  diffuse,  prostrate  or  procumbent  annual,  with  angled  stem 
puberulent  in  2  lines,  and  opposite,  clasping,  oblanceolate,  subacute 
leaves  with  a  narrow  membranaceous 
margin  produced  into  long  pectinate 
bristles  toward  the  base,  leaves  con- 
spicuously dotted  with  round  oil 
glands.  Inflorescence  of  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters  of  1-3  sessile  or  sub- 
sessile  heads.  Heads  7.5  mm.  high, 
2.5-3  mm.  broad,  ray  flowers  5,  disk 
flowers  5  or  6.  Involucre  oval-cylin- 
drical, bracts  5,  oblanceolate,  rounded, 
-concave-keeled,  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the 
subacute  tip.  Ray  corollas  reddish 
orange,  ligule  narrowly  oblong,  entire, 
2  mm.  long,  erect;  disk  corollas  5 
lobed.  Receptacle  minute,  convex. 
Achene  black,  .5x3.7  mm.,  linear- 
oblanceolate;  in  section  biconvex  (or  in  ray  achenes  subplano-convex) ; 
obscurely  4  angled,  papillate-striate,  pilose  on  the  angles  and  summit; 
pappus  of  5  thin  laciniate  scales  connate  at  base  (on  ray  achenes  re- 
duced to  2)  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Merida,  Aug.  20,  1865,  Schott  S33J    along  roadsides   near 
Izamal,  Gaumer  778,  "common  on  roadsides  in  forests"  Izamal  1092. 

Pectis  Schottii  (Fernald)  comb.  nov. 

Pectis  t  long  ata  Schottii  Fernald  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  33:78. 
An  erect,   slender,   paniculately  branching  annual   about  35  cm. 
high,  with  scabrous  or  smooth-angled  stem  and  branches  and   oppo- 
site, sessile,   linear-oblong,  apiculate,  entire  leaves, 
1-2.5  cm-    l°ng>  I~2  mm.   wide,   with  3-5    pairs  of 
bristles  at  the  base  and  2  rows  of    prominent  oil 
glands  beneath.      Inflorescence  of  scattered,   soli- 
tary, terminal  and  axillary  heads  on  capillary,  3-4 
bracteate    peduncles,   2-3  cm.   long.      Heads  3.8-4 
mm.  high,  2.5  mm.  broad  (in  flower),  somewhat  nod- 
ding at  first,  becoming  erect  in  fruit,  ray  flowers  4  or 
5,  disk  flowers  3  or  4.     Involucre  narrowly  campanu- 
late  (widely  spreading  in  fruit),  bracts  5,  becoming 
involute,   lanceolate,   acuminate,  bearing  a  few  oil 
glands  on  the  thickened  mid-nerve.      Ray  corollas 
greenish  white,   faintly  tinged  with    purple,    ligule 
oblong,    emarginate,    i    mm.    long,    disk    corollas 
whitish,  nearly  entire.     Receptacle  convex.     Achene 
black,  .25  x  2.2  mm.,  linear-oblanceolate;  in  section 
•oblong,  the  angles  rounded;  obscurely  5  nerved,  sparsely  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  when  mature,  pappus  of  about   15   unequal  rufescent, 
upwardly  scabrous  bristles,  slightly  dilated  below,    1-2.2    mm.    long. 
"Much   more  slender   [than    P.    elongata   H.  B.  K.]  with    very  slender, 


144  FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 

diffuse  branches  and  small  leaves;  heads  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils, 
on  capillary  3-4  bracteate  peduncles  2~j  cm.  long;  involucre  pale,  4  mm. 
high;  pappus  hardly  equaling  the  achene." 

Hab. — Sercania  near  Maxcanii,  Sept.  14,  1866,  Schott  666  (type). 

Pectis  linifolia*  L.  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  10:1221. 

A  slender,  erect,  branching  herb,  with  smooth,  angled  stem,  and 
branches,  and  opposite,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  leaves,  one  or 

two  pairs  of  bristles  at  the  base, 
the  leaves  dotted  with  oval  oil 
glands.  Inflorescence  loosely 
cymose-paniculate,  branchlets  di- 
varicate, peduncles  bracteolate, 
clavate  at  the  summit.  Heads 
7-8  mm.  high,  2.  mm.  broad,  ray 
flowers  4  or  5,  disk  flowers  2-4. 
Involucre  cylindrical,  bracts  5, 
becoming  involute,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, a  row  of  oil  glands  afong 
the  margins.  Ray  corollas 
purplish  white,  ligule  ovate,  en- 
tire, i  mm.  long,  spreading  or 
erect;  disk  corollas  dark  pur- 
ple, 5  lobed.  Receptacle  con- 
vex. Achene  black,  linear-oblanceolate,  .5x4  mm.;  in  section 
concavo-convex,  the  angles  rounded;  papillate  striate,  a  few  short 
thickened  hairs  at  the  summit,  otherwise  glabrous;  pappus  of  2  stiff, 
divergent,  slender,  smooth  awns,  1.6  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "Herb,  3  feet  high,  common  along  the  Chique  road  near 
Izamal,"  Sept.  Gaumer  887  {Pectis  punctata  Jacq.  Field  Col.  Mus. 
Bot.  1:325),  "on  stone  walls,  Izamal,"  p/p. 

Yucatan  specimens  differ  from  those  of  this  species  from  the  West 
Indies  in  having  slightly  shorter  heads,  achenes  2  awned  (while  West 
Indian  plants  examined  have  3-awned  achenes)  with  hairs  only  at  the 
summit. 


ACHILLEA  L.  Sp.  PL,  898. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate;  rays  pistillate,  fertile,  ligulate;  disk 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre  ovoid  or  campanulate,  its 
bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Recep- 
tacle convex  or  nearly  plane,  chaffy;  scales  membranaceous,  subtend- 
ing the  disk  flowers.  Achene  dorsally  compressed  with  a  narrow 
cartilaginous  margin;  pappus  none.  Perennial,  strong-scented  herbs 
with  small,  corymbose  heads. 


*  There  has  been  much  confusion  concerning  the  species  named  P.  linifolia  by  Linnaeus.  The 
above  nomenclature  is  given  on  the  authority  of  M.  L.  Fernald  in  his  "Systematic  Study  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Species  of  Pectis  ''  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  33:57-86. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         145 


Achillea  Millefolium  L.  Sp.  PL,  899. 

An  erect  herb,  simple  or  branched  above,  with  striate,  pubescent 
stem  and  alternate,  sessile  (or  basal  petioled)  finely  dissected -pinnati- 
fid,  softly  pubescent  leaves,  lanceo- 
late in  outline.  Inflorescence  of  ter- 
minal, compound,  crowded,  convex 
or  flat-topped  corymbs;  branchlets 
and  pedicels  striate,  pubescent.  Heads 
5  mm.  high,  6  mm.  broad;  ray  flow- 
ers 5,  disk  flowers  12-15.  Involucre 
ovoid,  bracts  thin  membranaceous  with 
a  thick  midrib,  oblong,  subacute, 
softly  pubescent,  long  ciliate,  resin 
dotted,  outer  shorter,  narrow.  Rays 
white,  ligule  orbicular,  3  dentate,  2 
mm.  long,  spreading;  disk  corollas 
yellow,  5  lobed,  resin  dotted.  Recep- 
tacle convex;  scales  oblong,  fim- 
briate-ciliate.  Achenes  stramineous 
or  white  when  mature,  1.6  x  2-2.2  mm.,  oblong-cuneate,  apex  truncate; 
in  section  unequally  biconvex,  the  ventrum  usually  obtusely  angled ; 
glabrous. 

Hab. — Campo  about  Merida,  not  in  flower,  April>  1887,  Millspaugh 
47.  Doubtless  introduced  with  imported  hay. 

Called  "ALCANFOR"  in  Yucatec. 

ARTEMISIA  L.  Sp.  PL,  845. 

Heads  heterogamous,  discoid,  the  outer  i  or  2  series,  pistillate, 
fertile,  with  small  slender  tubular  corolla;  inner  flowers  perfect,  fertile 
or  sometimes  sterile,  tubular.  Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  its  bracts 
imbricated  in  few  series,  appressed.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or  hemi- 
spheric, naked.  Achene  laterally  compressed,  2  ribbed  or  striate,  the 
apex  usually  bearing  an  epigynous  disk.  Bitter  aromatic  herbs  or 

shrubs  with  small    heads   disposed 
in  polycephalous  panicles. 

Artemisia    mexicana  Willd.    ex 

Spreng.  Syst.,  3:490- 
Perennial  by  offshoots,  stem 
striate,  whitened  with  cottony  to- 
mentum  or  nearly  glabrate,  branch- 
ing above;  leaves  alternate,  ses- 
sile or  attenuate  into  a  petiole, 
narrow,  lanceolate  to  linear,  3-5 
cleft,  radical  cuneate,  incisely  pin- 
natifid  or  trifid,  densely  clothed  with 
white  cottony  tomentum  on  the 
lower  surface,  sparingly  so  on  the 

upper.      Inflorescence  an  elongated  leafy  panicle  of  ascending,  bracte- 
ate  racemes.      Heads  4-4.5    mm-  n'gh>  2   mm.  broad,  10-20  flowered, 


146 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


•erect  on  short  bracteate  pedicels.  Involucre  ovoid-campanulate, 
arachnoid  canescent,  bracts  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  shorter,  linear, 
inner  broad,  obtuse,  scarious  margined.  Corollas  pale  yellbw,  those 
of  pistillate  flowers  narrow,  2-4  toothed,  of  perfect  flowers  cam- 
panulate,  5  lobed,  resin  dotted.  Receptacle  minute.  Achene  (not 
fully  ripe)  golden  brown,  .5x1.2  mm.,  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base; 
in  section  oval-rhomboid  or  sometimes  3  sided ;  faintly  striate, 
glabrous. 

Hab. — "Frequent  throughout  the  peninsula"  Valdez  40. 

Called  TZITZIM,*  "Wormwood"  ^by  the  Mayas,  and  "AGENJO  DEL 
PAIS"  in  Spanish.  It  is  used  throughout  the  peninsula  by  the  Mayas, 
Mestizas,  and  Yucatecans  as  a  bitter  stimulant  tonic,  emmenagogue, 
.and  anthelmintic.  Dose  from  2  to  4  grams  of  the  powdered  leaves 
and  flower  heads.  x 

ERECHTITES  Raf.  Fl.  Ludov.,  65. 

Heads  heterogamous,.  discoid;  the  outer  2  to  several  series  pistil- 
late, fertile,  filiform-tubular;  inner  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular. 
Involucre  cylindrical,  of  numerous,  erect,  connivant,  herbaceous  equal 
bracts,  subtended  by  a  series  of  short,  loose  accessory  bracts.  Recep- 
tacle concave,  naked.  Achene  subterete,  ribbed;  pappus  of  copious, 
capillary,  soft,  smooth,  white  bristles.  Annual  herbs. 


Erechtites  hieracifolia1  (L.)  Raf.  DC.  Prod.,  6:294. 

Senecio  hieracifolia  L. 

Erect,  with  striate-sulcate  stem  and   branches,  glabrate 
scattered  weak  hairs,  and  alternate,  simple  or  pinnately  lobed  or 
dentate  leaves,    lanceolate    in   out- 
line, the  upper  clasping,  sometimes 
auricled,  the  lower  narrowed  into  a 
petiole,  glabrate  or  with  scattered 
hairs.        Inflorescence  of    terminal, 
•cymose    panicles;    branchlets    and 
peduncles      cobwebby     pubescent. 
Heads    13-15    mm.   high,   6-7    mm. 
broad,    many   flowered.      Involucre 
arachnoid;     bracts     linear,    acute, 
reflexed    in  age;    accessory  bracts 
linear,   arachnoid-ciliate.      Corollas 
yellowish  white,  those  of  pistillate 
flowers  filiform,  4  toothed;  of   per- 
fect  flowers,  very  slender  tubular, 
4  or  5   toothed.      Receptacle  con- 
cave,  becoming    convex    at   maturity.      Achene  light   brown, 
mm.,  oblong,  narrowed  at  apex  and  base;  in  section  5  sided 
outline;   10  ribbed,  interspaces  pubescent,  apex  expanded  into 
•disk;  pappus  bright  white,  caducous,  12-15  mm- 


or  with 
incised. 


.6x3.8 
oval  in 
a  small 


*This  appellation  savors  of  Spanish  intervention;  its  root,  in  Maya,  means  "essence." 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         147 


Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  common,"  Buena  Vista  Xbac,  Gaunter 
1438,  Pocoboch,  2394. 

SENECIO  L.  Sp.  PL,  866. 

Heads  heterogamous,  radiate  (in  our  species),  rays  pistillate, 
fertile,  ligulate;  disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
cylindric  or  campanulate,  of  equal  herbaceous  bracts  in  i  series,  dis- 
tinct or  united  at  the  base,  usually  with  a  series  of  loose  accessory 
bracts.  Receptacle  plane,  naked.  Achene  subterete,  5-10  ribbed; 
pappus  of  numerous  white  capillary  bristles.  Herbs  or  shrubs  usually 
with  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Senecio  Berlandieri  (DC.)  Hemsl.  Biol.  Cent.  Am.,  Bot.  2:236. 
Gynoxis  Berlandieri  DC. 
A  woody  climber  with  striate,  glabrous  stem  and  branches,  and 

alternate,  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate;  "remote,  exserted-denticulate," 

glabrous  leaves.  Inflorescence 
of  small  corymbs  terminating 
the  numerous  short  branches; 
peduncles  striate,  glandular- 
puberulent.  Heads  12-15  mm- 
high,  4.5-5  cm.  broad,  ray  flow- 
ers 12-20,  disk  flowers  numer- 
ous. Involucre  broad  turbinate, 
bracts  linear,  acute,  spreading 
at  maturity;  accessory  bracts 
numerous,  linear,  glandular-pu- 
berulent.  Corollas  orange  yel- 
low, rays  with  slender  tube, 


ligule  oblong,  2-4  toothed,  1.5- 
1.8  mm.  long,  spreading;  disk 
corollas  with  5-cleft  campanulate 
limb  and  conspicuously  elongated 
style  branches.  Receptacle  alveolate.  Achene  light  brown,  .8x3.5 
mm.,  oblong-ellipsoid;  in  section  orbicular-oval  in  outline;  10  ribbed, 
hirtellous;  pappus  shining  white,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Hab. — "A  climber  among  mimosa  trees  near  Sisal,"  Schott 


CARDUUS  L.  Sp.  PL,  820. 

Heads  homogamous,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  tubular.  Involucre 
ovoid  or  globose,  of  spiny  or  prickly  tipped  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  series,  appressed  at  the  base.  Receptacle  plane  or  convex, 
densely  villous-setose.  Achene  laterally  subcompressed,  hard;  pappus 
of  several  series  of  slender  plumose  or  simple  bristles  connate  at  the 
base.  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  spiny  or  prickly  foliage  and 
large  heads  of  usually  purple  or  white  flowers. 

Carduus  Mexicanus  (DC.)  Moric.  ex  DC.  Prod.,  6:637. 
Cirsium  Mexicanum  DC. 
A  tall   herb,  with  striate-sulcate  stem  and   branches,  white  arach- 


148 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


noid  toward  the  summit,  and  alternate,  decurrent,  pinnately  sinuately 
lobed  spinescent  leaves,  glabrous  above,  white  arachnoid  tomen- 
tose  beneath.  Inflorescence  of 
solitary  heads,  terminal  or  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Heads 
about  4  cm.  high,  3-3.5  cm. 
broad,  many  flowered.  Invo- 
lucre  ovoid-globose,  sparingly 
arachnoid,  with  one  or  two  sub- 
tending leaflets;  bracts  long 
acuminate,  spine  tipped,  except 
the  innermost,  the  tips  loose  or 
spreading.  Corollas  light  purple, 
tube  very  slender,  limb  narrow, 
deeply  5  cleft.  Receptacle  dense- 
ly clothed  with  soft  capillary 
persistent  bristles,  i  cm.  or  more 
long.  Achene  light  brown,  1.6 
x5-5>5  mm.,  oblong-oblanceo- 
late;  in  section  oval;  faintly  nerved,  smooth  and  shining;  pappus 
bristles  ashen,  long-plumose,  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng- 

Hab. — "Herb,  4  feet  high,  common  at  the  port  of  Silam,  April," 
Gaunter  676  (Cnicus  Mexicanus  Hemsl.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:323). 

CHAPTALIA  Vent.  Hort.  Gels.,  t.  61. 

Heads  heterogamous  radiate,  ray  flowers  in  i  or  2  series,  pistil- 
late, fertile,  ligulate;  disk  flowers  perfect,  all  or  some  of  them  sterile, 
tubular,  bilabiate.  Involucre  campanulate  of  narrow  appressed 
bracts,  imbricated  in  few  series,  outer  gradually  shorter.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achenes  dorsally  compressed,  attenuate  into  a  neck,  5 

nerved;  pappus  of  copious  soft  cap- 
illary bristles.  Acaulescent  peren- 
nial herbs,  bearing  a  single  head. 

Chaptalia    albicans     Vent,     ex 

Steud.  Nom.,  Ed.  2,  1:344. 
A  scapose  herb;  with  radical, 
oblanceolate,  subacute,  crenate- 
runcinate  leaves  tapering  into  a  long 
petiole,  dark  green  and  glabroust 
above,  white  tomentose  beneath. 
Scapes  slender,  12-25  cm-  l°ng> 
thickened  and  densely  white  floe- 
cose  at  the  summit,  monocephalous. 
Heads  15-17  mm.  high,  12-15  mm. 
broad,  many  flowered.  Involucral 
bracts  in  4  series,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  white  floccose  on  the  margins,  at  least  the  outer  ones, 
inner  slightly  exceeding  the  disk,  reflexed  in  age.  Corollas  purplish, 
rays  inconspicuous,  ligule  oblong,  3  dentate,  2-3  mm.  long,  erect;  disk 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN/E  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         149 


corollas  narrow,  scarcely  labiate.  Receptacle  subconvex.  Achene 
light  brown,  .6x5-7  mm.,  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender  neck 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  in  section,  concavo-convex;  faintly  5 
nerved,  sparsely  glandular,  hirtellous;  pappus  bristles  pinkish  tawny, 
nearly  smooth,  9  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Yot  Oonot,  12  inches  high,  only  three  specimens  seen, 
Gaumer  1334. 

TRIXIS  P.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.,  312. 

Heads  homogamous,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  all  with  bilabiate 
corollas,  the  lower  lip  larger  in  the  marginal  flowers,  elongated  and 
radiatiform.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  i  series  of  equal  bracts  (in  our 
species)  little  or  not  at  all  imbricated,  subtended  by  a  few  foliaceous, 
loose,  accessory  bracts.  Receptacle  small,  pilose.  Achene  dorsally 
compressed,  linear;  pappus  of  copious,  slender  bristles.  Perennial 
herbs  or  shrubs  with  paniculately  cymose  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Trixis  frutescens  P.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.,  312  t.  33,  f.  i. 

An  erect  shrub  with  pale,  terete,  striate  stem  and  branches,  and 
alternate,  short-petioled,  ovate,  elliptic  or  obovate,  mucronate  leaves, 
entire  or  sinuate-dentate.  Inflorescence  a  leafy  cymose  panicle,  the 
branchlets  divaricate,  striate,  puberulent.  Heads  18  mm.  high,  12-15 
mm.  broad,  12-20  flowered,  on  rigid  divaricate,  bracteate  peduncles. 
Involucral  bracts  appressed,  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  sparingly 
puberulent,  the  summit  ciliolate,  accessory  bracts  linear  lanceolate, 
nearly  glabrous.  Corollas  yellow,  those  of  the  marginal  flowers  with  a 
spreading,  oblong,  3-dentate  low- 
er lip  and  a  2-cleft  upper  lip,  the 
divisions  recurved ;  inner  corollas 
similar  but  divisions  all  equal  and 
erect.  Receptacle  densely  pilose. 
Achene  brown,  .6x6-6.5  mm-, 
linear-oblong,  slightly  narrowed 
toward  the  summit;  in  section 
oval;  faintly  striate,  pubescent 
with  short  stipular,  glandular 
hairs;  pappus  bristles  pale  yel- 
low, minutely  upwardly  scabrous, 
9  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Merida,  Feb.  2,  1865, 
Schott  189;  apex  of  the  Cerro 
'Grande,  Izamal,  Jan.  13,  1895, 
Millspaugh  Armour  Exped.  56 
(Trixis  radialis  Ktze.  Field  Col. 
Merida  in  scrubby  old  Henequen 


Mus.  Bot.  1:54);  common  near 
plantations,  Feb.  n,  1903,  Ccec. 
et  Ed.  Seler  3838;  Valdez  10  (Trixis  radiale  Lag.  Ibid.  1:326);  shrub 
15  feet  high,  common  in  open  lands  near  Izamal,  Jan.  Gaumer  397 
(Trixis  radiale  Ktze.  Ibid.  1:326),  Calotmul  1738,  234.0,  San  Anselmo 

1739- 

Maya    name    TOKABAL,    "Astringent."     Commonly   used   in   the 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


treatment  of  gonorrhoea,  and  as  an  astringent  in  bowel   complaints  of 
children.      Of  this  use  Cuevas  says:*  "In  infantile  diarrhoea  give  of  a 

maceration  of  the  leaves  in  cold  water  a  teaspoonful  every  two  hours." 
i 

SONCHUS  L.  Sp.  PL,  793. 

Heads  homogamous;  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  ligulate,  ligules  5 
toothed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Involucre  ovoid  or  campanulate, 
becoming  thickened  and  somewhat  conic  at  the  base  when  old,  its 
bracts  thin,  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  several  series,  outer  gradually 
shorter.  Receptacle  plane,  naked.  Achene  compressed,  rounded- 
truncate,  not  beaked  at  the  summit,  ribbed ;  pappus  of  copious  soft 
capillary  bristles.  Annual  or  perennial  succulent  herbs  with  bitter, 
milky  juice. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Sp.  PL,  794. 

A  glabrous,  erect  annual  with  subangled,  striate  stem  and  branches 
and  alternate  runcinately  pinnatifid  or  simple  leaves,  the  segments 
mucronate-dentate,  lower  leaves  petioled,  upper  clasping  by  an 
auricled  or  sagittate  base.  Inflorescence  a  corymbose  panicle  of  few 
to  several  heads;  peduncles  striate.  Heads  15  mm.  high,  about  2  cm. 
broad,  many  flowered.  Involucre  campanulate,  sometimes  cottony  at 
base,  bracts  linear,  subacute,  glabrous,  the  outer  loose  and  spreading. 

Corolla  light  yellow,  ligule  ob- 
long. Achene  brown,  .8x2.9 
mm.,  narrowly  obovate;  in  sec- 
tion biconvex;  8  ribbed,  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  and  lateral 
pairs  of  ribs  consisting  of  a  rugose 
ridge,  the  4  intermediate  with 
these  consisting  of  2  smaller 
ridges  with  an  impressed  line 
between,  interspaces  faintly 
transversely  rugose;  pappus 
bristles  bright  white,  6-6.5  mm. 
long. 

Hab. — Frequent  about  Mer- 
ida,  Valdez  8i;  "herb,  4  feet 
high,  frequent  on  cultivated 
grounds  about  Izamal,  July  to  March,"  Gaumer  Jfo,  Silam,  1588, 
Chichankanab,  1596,  1626,  Temax,  1642,  Pocoboch  1643. 

Called  by  the  Yucatecans  "CHICORIA,"  "ACHICORIA,"  or 
''LECHUGA  SILVESTRE"  ;  used  in  domestic  practice  as  a  chologogue 
and  sedative.  This  species  is  doubtless  the  one  referred  to  by  Cuevas, 
though  Donde's  description  points  with  certainty  to  Taraxacum.  The 
same  names  are  also  applied  vto  Cichorium  Intybus.  These  species 
are  all  used  as  a  laxative  for  children. 


*  Eiisayo  Botanico  1894  :  32. 


APRIL,  1904.     PLANTS  YUCATAN^:  —  MILLSPAUGH  &  CHASE.         151 


LACTUCA  L.  Sp.  PL,  795. 

Heads  homogamous,  flowers  perfect,  fertile,  ligulate,  ligules  5 
toothed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  conoid,  of 
herbaceous  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter, 
sometimes  calyculate.  Receptacle  plane,  naked.  Achene  com- 
pressed, ribbed,  tapering  into  a  neck  or  beak,  which  is  expanded  at  the 
summit  into  a  disk;  pappus  of  copious  soft,  capillary,  bristles. 
Tall  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice. 

Lactuca  intybacea  Jacq.  Ic.  PI.  Rar.,  i,  t.  162. 

An  erect,  glabrous,  branching  herb  with  terete  stem  and  branches 
and  alternate,  runcinately  pinnatifid  leaves,  clasping  by  a  sagittate 
base,  lower  leaves  obovate,  tapering  at  the  base.  Inflorescence  an 
elongated  open  panicle,  branches  ascending,  strict,  the  heads  distant, 
solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster,  on  short,  bracteate  pedicels.  Heads  16  mm. 
high,  10-11  mm.  broad,  12-15 
flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical, 
outer  bracts  short,  calyculate, 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  with  a  white 
hyaline  margin,  inner  in  2  series, 
equal,  oblong,  obtuse,  white  hya- 
line margined.  Corolla  yellow, 
ligule  oblong.  Achene  black, 
.8x3.8  mm.;  fusiform,  tapering 
into  a  short  neck;  in  section 
rhomboid-oval;  impressed  stri- 
ate,  interspaces  tuberculate-ru- 
gose;  pappus  bristles  white  or 
cream  color,  7  mm.  long. 

Hab. — Herb,  3  feet  high, 
common  in  old  corn-fields  at 
Silam,  April,  Gaunter  877  (Stepha- 
nomeria  runcinata  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  i  '.325),  Silam  2012;  small  but 
fully  developed  specimens  15-20  cm.  high,  simple  stemmed,  from 
grassland  near  Progreso,  Millspaugh  PL  Utowance.  f?of,  taller  branch- 
ing plants  from  the  same  locality  1706,  1709;  Sayi,  March  4,  1903, 
Ccec.  et  Ed.  Seler  3897. 

[LACTUCA  sp.? 

Not  in  flower,  "common  in  waste  places  near  Merida,  Valdez  48 
(Erechtites  sp.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  1:323).] 


INDEX. 


Achillea  Millefolium     145. 
ACHICORIA     150. 
AGENJO  DEL  PAIS     146. 
Ageratum  conyzoides     91. 
Ageratum  corymbosum     91. 
Ageratum  intermedium     90. 
Ageratum.  paleaceum     116. 
ALCANFOR     145. 
Alomia  ageratoides     90. 
ALTANIZA     109. 
Ambrosia  hispida     8  7 . 
Amellus  aspera     122. 
Amellus  niveus     121. 
Artemisia  Mexicana     145. 
Aster  laevis     98. 
Aster  Novi-Belgii     99. 

Baccharis  halimifolia     100. 
BAKELUS     91. 
Baltimora  recta     106. 
Bidens  Alausensis     131. 
Bidens  bipinnata     131. 
Bidens  leucantha     130. 
Bidens  nivea     121. 
Bidens  pilosa     130. 
Bidens  tereticaulis     132. 
Broteroa  trinervata     137. 
Borrichia  arborescens     117. 
Borrichia  argentea     116. 
Borrichia  argentea     117. 
Brickellia  difjusa     97. 
Bupkthalmum  arborescens  117. 

Cacalia  cordifolia     96. 
Calea  oppositifolia     115. 
Calea  urticifolia     134. 
Calea  Zacatechichi     134. 
CARDO  SANTO  DEL  MONTE  141. 
Carduus  Mexicanus     147. 
CHABANKAN     116. 
CHACZUL     133. 
CHALCHA     no. 
CHALCHAY     103. 
Chaptalia  albicans     148. 
CHICORIA     150. 
CHIOPLE     93,  119. 
CHIOPK.     93. 

Circium  Mexicanum     147. 
Cnicus  Mexicanus     148. 
Coleosanthus  diffusus     97. 
Conyza  arborescens     89. 
Conyza  lyrata     100. 
Conyzajodorata     102. 


Coreopsis  leucantha     130. 
Cosmos  caudatus     133. 
Critonia  daleoides     91. 

Diomeda  argentea     i  i  6. 
Distreptus  spicatus     88. 
Dysodia  cancellata     140. 
Dy sodium  divaricatum     107. 

Eclipta  alba     112. 
Eclipta  erecta     113. 
Elephantopus  spicatus     88. 
Eleutheranthera  divaricata  107. 
Elvira  biflora     104. 
Elvira  Martyni     105. 
Encelia  Chasea-     125. 
Erechtites  sp .     151. 
Erechtites  hieracif  olia     146. 
Erigeron  camphoratum     i  o  i . 
Erigeron  Can  adensis     9  9 . 

ESTRELLA  DE  MAR       133. 

Eupatorium  albicaule     93. 
Eupatorium  aromatisans     9  2 . 
Eupatorium  conyzoides     93. 
Eupatorium  daleoides     9 1 . 
Eupatorium  diffusum     97. 
Eupatorium   drepanophyllum 

93- 
Eupatorium    Guadaloupense 

9S- 

Eupatorium  hebebotrya     92. 
Eupatorium  ivaefolium     94. 
Eupatorium  paniculatum     95. 
Eupatorium  populifolium     93. 
Eupatorium      pycnocephalum 

94- 

Eupatorium  quadrangulare  93. 
Eupatorium  scan  dens     96. 

Flaveria  linearis     136. 
Flaveria  repanda     137. 
Flaveria  trinervata     137. 
FLOR  DE  SAN  JUAN     91. 
FLOR  DE  SOL     121. 

GIRASOL     121. 
Grindelia  nana     97 . 
Gymnopsis  divaricata     113. 
Gynoxis  Berlandieri     147. 

Helenium     quadridentatum 

138. 

Helenium  tenuifolium     137. 
Helianthus  annuus     120. 


HELIANTO     121. 
HOMAHAK     115. 

Isocarpha  oppositifolia     115. 

Lactucasp.     151. 
Lactuca  intybacea     151. 
Lagasca  mollis     104. 
Lebetina  cancellata     140. 
LECHUGA  SILVESTRE     150. 
Leptilon  Canadense     99. 

MACENAL  XPUHUC     140. 
MANZANILLA     139. 
Melampodium    divaricatum 

107. 

Melampodium  gracile     107. 
Melampodium  hispidum    j  o  8 . 
Melampodium  paludosum    107. 
Melanthera  hastata     122. 
Mikania  cor di folia     96. 
Mikania  scandens~    97 . 
Miller ia  biflora     104. 
Milleria  quinqueflora     105. 
MIRASOL     121. 
Mirasolia  diversijolia     118. 
Montanoa  grandi flora     129. 
Montanoa  hibisctfolia     115 
Montanoa  Schottii     114. 

Nocca  mollis     104. 
Oedera  trinervia     137 

Parthenium  fruticosum     no. 
Parthenium    Hysterophorus 

109 

Parthenium  Schottii     109. 
Pectis  linifolia     144. 
Pectis  prostrata     143. 
Pectis  punctata     144. 
Pectis  Schottii     143. 
Plagiolophus  Millspaughii 

126. 

Pluchea  camphorata     i  o  i . 
Pluchea  odorata     102. 
Pluchea  purpurascens     102. 
Porophyllum  Evendbergii    142. 
Porophyllum    macrocephalum 

141. 
Porophyllum  Millspaughii 

141. 
Porophyllum  nummularium 

142. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM  —  BOTANY,  VOL.  III. 


Salmea  Qaumeri     124. 
SANGUINARIA     DE     FLORES 

NEGROS       112. 

SANTA  MARIA     103,110. 
Sanvitalia  procumbens      1 1 1 . 
Sclerocarpus  divaricatus     113. 
Senecio  Berlandieri     147. 
Senecio  hieractfolia     146. 
Solidago  urticifolia     134. 
Sonchus  oleraceus     150. 
Spilanthes  Beccabunga     123. 
Spilanthes  filipes     123. 
Spilanthes  uliginosa     122. 
Spiracantha  cornifolia     103. 
Stephanomeria  runcinata    151. 
Synedrella  nodiftora     130. 

Tagetes  patula     139. 
Tagetes  tenutfolia     139. 
TAH     120. 
Tithonia  di  versif  olia     1 1 8 . 


Tithonia  diversifolia  119. 
Tithonia  tagetiflora  1 1 8 . 
Tithonia  tubtrformis  104. 

TOKABAL       149. 

Tridax  procumbens     135. 
Trixis  frutescens      149. 
Trixis  radiale     149. 
TZICIN     134. 
TZITZIM     146. 
TZUM     119. 

Ucacou  nodiflorum     129. 

Verbesina  alba     112. 
Verbesina  gigantea     129. 
Verbesina  nodiftora     129. 
Vernonia  arborescens     89. 
Viguiera  helianthoides     119. 

Wedelia  hispida     128. 
Willughbaea  cordifolia     96. 
Willughbaea  scandens     96. 


XanthiumCanadcnse     87. 
Xanthium  strumarium     87. 
XIUHULUB     114. 
XIUTOLOC     105. 
XKANTUMBUB     107,  112. 
XOY     107. 
XPECHUEKIL     142. 
XPUHUC     140. 
XPUHUC  DE  MONTE     140. 
XTOKABAL     92, 94. 
XULTOXIU     95. 
YERBA  SAN  JUAN  DEL  MONTE 

136. 

ZACTAH     128. 
ZAHUM     128. 
ZALAC-KAAT     106. 
Zexmenia  Costaricensis     128. 
Zexmenia  hispida     128. 
Zexmenia  hispida 

ramosissima     127. 

DlCIILCHAY       91. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  URBANA 


